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[For teaching purposes only; do not review, quote or abstract]

 

                                                        Principal Groups of Insects With Emphasis

                                               On Parasitoids & Predators 1/

     (Contacts)

 

NOTE:  Synonymies may include earlier literature records that are frequently ignored in later publications. The various links include general information on the different insect groups. This section is designed primarily to acquaint students with the diversity existent among beneficial insects, and to facilitate preliminary identification. Adherence to all protocols noted for using information from referenced websites is required. We are grateful to those many specialists who have contributed to this section in order to acquaint students with those insects that are vital to ecological stability and which may serve as potential candidates for biological pest control.  Please see <Entomology> and <Insect Orders> for more details on each family. The latest family classification arrangements for each order are noted below as <Latest Classification>.

 

 

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Illustrations of Beneficial Groups            Community Instruction            Entomology               Insect Morphology        Terminology        List of Indexes

 

DATA FOR THIS SECTION IS BEING EXPANDED 2011

 

COLEOPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

    Anthicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Anthribidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Brentidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cantharidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Carabidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cicindelidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cleridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Coccinellidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Colydiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cucujidae (incl. Passandridae) <Habits>;  <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>

    Dascillidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Dermestidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Drilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Dytiscidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ectrephidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Elateridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Eucnemidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Gyrinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Haliplidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Helodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Histeridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Hydrophilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Hygrobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Lampyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Lathridiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Leptinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Lycidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Melandryidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Meloidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Melyridae (= Malachiidae) <Habits>;  <Adults> &

      <Juveniles>

    Mordellidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Mycetophagidae <Habits>;  <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Nitidulidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ostomatidae <Habits>; <Adults  & <Juveniles>

    Paussidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Phalacridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Phengodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pselaphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pythidae (= Salpingidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Rhipiceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Rhizophagidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Rhipiphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Rhysodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Scarabaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Silphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Staphylinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

       <Identification>

    Tenebrionidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Throscidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Trogidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Trogossitidae (= Ostomidae) <Habits>; <Adults> &

       <Juveniles>

    Misc. Families <General Habitss>

 

DERMAPTERA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> &

        <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

DIPTERA  <General Characteristics>;  <Juveniles>   [Latest Classification]

 

  Orthorrhapha

    Asilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Blepharoceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Bombyliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cecidomyiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ceratopogonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Chironomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Culicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Dolichopodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Empididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Limnobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Mycetophagidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Mydidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Nemestrinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Orphnephilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Rhagionidae (Leptidae) <Habits>;  <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Scenopinidae <Habits>; Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Stratiomyiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Tabanidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Therevidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Tipulidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Misc. Orthorrhapha <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Cyclorrhapha

    Acroceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Agromyzidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Anthomyiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Apioceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Braulidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Calliphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Chamaemyidae (Ochthiphilidae) <Habits>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>

    Chloropidae (Oscinidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Conopidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Drosophilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Lonchaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Milichiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Otitidae (Ortalidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Phoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pipunculidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pyrgotidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sarcophagidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Scatophagidae (Cordyluridae) <Habits>;  <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>

    Syrphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Tachinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

EMBIOPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

HEMIPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

    Anthocoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Belostomatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Enicocephalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Gelastocoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Gerridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Lygaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Miridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Nabidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Naucoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Nepidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Notonectidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ochteridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pentatomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Phymatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Reduviidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Saldidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Vellidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

HOMOPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

EPHEMEROPTERA <General Characteristics> [Latest Classification]

HYMENOPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

 Symphyta (Chalastogastra)--sawflies & horntails

    (Sawflies, mostly phytophagous) <General Characteristics>

 

  Orussoidea

    Orussidae <Overview>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Tenthredinoidea

    Tenthredinidae <Overview>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

Apocrita (Clistogastra, Petiolata)-- parasitic/predatory

 

 Apocrita Aculeata (stinging Hymenoptera)

  

  Apoidea <Overview>

    Andrenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Anthophoridae (= Nomadidae) <Habits>;  <Adults> &

             <Juveniles>

    Apidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Halictidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Colletidae (= Hylaeidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ctenoplectridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Fideliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Hylaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Megachilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Melittidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Nomadidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Oxaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Stelidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Stenotritidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sphecidae (= previously under Sphecoidea) <Habits>; <Adults> &

            <Juveniles>

      Ampulicinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Astatinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Bembicinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Cercerinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Crabroninae <Habits>; >Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Larrinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Mellininae <Habits><Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Nyssoninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Pemphredoninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Philanthinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Pseninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Sphecinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Stizinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      Trypoxylinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Chrysidoidea  ( = Bethyloidea)  <Overview>

    Bethylidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Chrysididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    (+ Cleptidae <Habits>); <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Dryinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Embolemidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Plumariidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sclerogibbidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Scolebythidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Vespoidea <Overview>

    Bradynobaenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Formicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [formerly

         Formicoidea <Overview>]

    Eumenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Methocidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sierolomorphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Vespidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Scoliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [formerly as

                Scolioidea <Overview>]

       [ formerly Pompiloidea <Overview>]

    Rhopalosomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pompilidae (= Psammocharidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & 

          <Juveniles>

       [formerly Tiphioidea <Overview>]

    Tiphiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sapygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

        [formerly Mutillidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]

        [formerly Thynnidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]

 

  Apocrita Parasitica (nonstinging Hymenoptera)

  

  Ceraphronoidea <Overivew>

    Calliceratidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ceraphronidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Megaspilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

 Chalcidoidea <Overview>; <General References>

    Agaonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Aphelinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Chalcididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Elasmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Encyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>; &

          <Juveniles>

    Eucharitidae (= Eucharidae) <Habits>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>

    Eulophidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Eurytomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Leucospidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Mymaridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ormyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Perilampidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pteromalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Asaphinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Austroterobiinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Austrosystasinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Brachyscelidiphaginae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Ceinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Cerocephalinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Chromeurytominae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Cleonyminae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Coelocybinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Colotrechinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Cratominae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Diparinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Ditropinotellinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Elatoidinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Erotolepsiinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Eunotinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Eutrichosomatinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Herbertinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Keiraninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Leptofoeninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Louriciinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Macromesinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Miscogasterinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Neodiparinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Nefoeninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Ormocerinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Panstenoninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Parasaphodinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

       (Pireninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Pteromalinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Spalangiinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Storeyinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

    Rotoitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Signiphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Tanaostigmatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Tetracampidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Torymidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Trichogrammatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

 

Cynipoidea <Overview>

    Cynipidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Charipinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Cynipinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      (Eucoilinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Figitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ibaliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Liopteridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

   

  Evanioidea <Overview>

    Aulacidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Evaniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Gasteruptiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Ichneumonoidea <Overview>

        Apozygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Braconidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2> & <Adults-3>

          &  <Juveniles>

          Aphidiinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ichneumonidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2> &

           <Adults-3>; & <Juveniles>

        Agriotypinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Paxylommatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Megalyroidea <Overview>

    Megalyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

   Mymarommatoidea (or Serphitoidea)

      Mymerommatidae (= Callimomidae) <Habits>; <Adults> &

         <Juveniles>

 

    Platygastroidea

       Platygastridae (= Platygasteridae) <Habits>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>

        Scelionidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Proctotrupoidea <Overview>

    Austroniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Diapriidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Heloridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      [formerly Mesoserphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]

    Monomachidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

      [formerly Monoserphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]

    Pelecinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Peradeniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Proctotrupidae (= Serphidae) <Habits>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>

    Roproniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Serphidae (now with Proctotrupidae) <Habits>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>

    Vanhorniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Stephenoidea <Overview>

    Stephanidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

  Trigonalyoidea <Overview>

    Trigonalyidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

ISOPTERA   <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

LEPIDOPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

    Blastobasidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Chrysaugidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cosmopterigidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Cyclotornidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Epipyropidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Heliodinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Lycaenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Noctuidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Oinophilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Olethreutidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Phycitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Psychidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pyralidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Pyraustidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Tortricidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

MALLOPHAGA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

MECOPTERA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

NEUROPTERA  <General Characateristics>  [Latest Classification]

    Apochrysidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ascalaphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Berothidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Chrysopidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Coniopterygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Corydalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Dilaridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Hemerobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Inocelliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Ithonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Mantispidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Myiodactylidae <Habits>; Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Myrmeleontidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Nemopteridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Nymphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Osmylidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Polystoechotidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Psychopsidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Raphidiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sialidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sisyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Stilbopterygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Sympherobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Trichomatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

ODONATA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

ORTHOPTERA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

    Tettigoniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Gryllacrididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Gryllidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

    Mantidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

PHTHIRAPTERA = ANOPLURA <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

PLECOPTERA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & 

          <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

PSOCOPTERA  (= Corrodentia) <General Characteristics, #2>; <Adults, #2> & <Juveniles, #2>  [Latest Classification]

 

SIPHONAPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

STREPSIPTERA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

THYSANOPTERA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

THYSANURA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

THYSANOPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

TRICHOPTERA  <General Characteristics>; <Adults> &

          <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

ZORAPTERA  <General Characteristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

 

(For References, please refer to  <biology.ref.htm> & <General References>     [Additional references may be found at:  MELVYL Library]

 

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Explanation of included Drawings

 

          Drawings of insects were inspired by those of prominent specialists to whom reference should be made

for greater detail.  However, because artists impart particular artistic patterns to their work, the outcome is

often stylized and does  not completely represent the true nature of the subject.  For this reason several

examples are often included, and modifications have been made in efforts to clarify diagnostic characteristics.