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HYMENOPTERA, Torymidae (Westwood
1833) - (Chalcidoidea) -- <Images> & <Juveniles> Torymidae. -- Torymids
are elongated, metallic-green and average 2.2-4.5 mm long. There is a long ovipositor; the hind
coxae are large, and there are clear parapsidal sutures on the thorax. There are both parasitic and phytophagous species: the
TorylriInae, Erimennae, and Monodontomennae attack gall insects and
caterpillars; the Podagriorunae attack mantid eggs; and the Idarrunae and
MegastiglriInae attack seeds (Borror et al., 1989). Many are parasitoids on gall-forming insects, and some are phytophagous
species, at times taking over the galls formed by other insects. There are
over 965 species in ca. 72 genera worldwide. They distinguished by having
visible cerci. Some species of Toryminae,
Monodontomerinae Megastigminae are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of the insects
in plant galls. Torymus erucarum, Megastigmus dorsalis and M.
stigmatizans attack larvae in cynipid galls on oaks (Askew, 1965; 1966),
Glyphomerus stigma is a parasitoid in Diplolepis galls on
rose, and some North American species of the genera Pseudotorymus
and Cryptopristus parasitize gall-forming eurytomids and
cecidomyiids (Peck et al., 1964; Grissell, 1979). There are also a few
species of Torymus that oviposit in cynipid galls but do not develop
as parasitoids. They are inquilines and rely on the gall tissue, either after
having destroyed the cynipid or alongside the cynipid larvae which is
destroyed later (eg T. cyaneus) (Askew 1961a: 1965b) = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references
may be found at: MELVYL
Library] Ashmead,
W. 1904. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1:
255-555. Askew, R.R. 1961a. Eupelmus
urozonus Dalman (Hym. Chalcidoidea) as a parasite
in cynipid oak galls. Entomologist 94:196-201. Askew, R.R. 1961b. On the biology of
the inhabitants of oak galls of Cynipidae (Hym.) in Britain. Transactions of the Society for British
Entomology 14(11):237-268. Askew, R.R. 1965. The biology of the
British species of the genus Torymus Dalman associated with galls of Cynipidae on oak, with special
reference to alternation of forms. Transactions of the Society for British
Entomology 16:217-232. Askew, R.R. 1966. Observations on the
British species of Megastigmus Dalman (Hym. Torymidae)
which inhabit cynipid oak galls. Entomologist 99:124-128. Askew, R.R.; Ruse, M. 1974. The biology of some Cecidomyiidae
(Diptera) galling the leaves of birch (Betula) with special reference to their chalcidoid (Hymenoptera)
parasites. Transactions
of the Royal Entomological Society of London 126(2):129-167. Bordage, E. 1913. Notes biologiques reçueilles . l'Ile de la
Réunion. Bull.
Scient. de la Fr. et Belg. 47(4):377-412. Boucek,
Z. 1978. A study of the non-podagrionine Torymidae with enlarged hind
femora, with a key to the African genera.
J. Ent. Soc. S. Afr. 41:
91-134. Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian
Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen
families, with a reclassification of species. : 832pp.. CAB
International, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Cambrian News Ltd; Aberystwyth,
Wales. Breland,
O. P. 1938. J. NY. Ent. Soc. 46:
355-99. Chrystal, R.N. 1937. Insects of British Woodlands :338pp. Frederick Warne & Co., London and
New York. Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous Insects. McGraw-Hill, NY. 688 p. Clausen, C.P. 1956. Biological control of insect pests in the continental
United States. Technical Bulletin United States Department of Agriculture 1139:151pp. Crawford,
J. 1914. Notes on the chalcidoid family Callimomidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 16(3): 122-26 Danks, H.V. 1971. Biology of some stem-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society
of London 122:323-395. Eves, J.D. 1970. Biology of Monodontomerus obscurus Westw., a parasite of the alfalfa leafcutting
bee, Megachile
rotundata (Fabricius). Melanderia 4:1-18. Farooqi,
S. I. 1988. Family Torymidae. In: B. R. Subba-Rao, & M. Hayat (eds.), Oriental Insects, Vol.
19. Association For The Study of
Oriental. Insects, Gainesville, FL. 329
p. Ferrière,
Ch. 1955. Les genres des Podagrionidae
d'Afrique. mem. Soc. R. Ent. Belg. 27: 207-16. Ferrière,
Ch. 1958. Podagrionidae d'Afrique; Espèces des genres Pachytomoides Girault, Mantiphaga Ferrière et Iridophaga Picard. Bull. Ann. Soc. Roy. Ent. Belg. 94: 275-92. Graham, M.W.R. de V. &
Gijswijt, M.J. 1998. Revision of the European species of Torymus Dalman (s. lat.) (Hmyenoptera: Troymidae). Zoologische
Verhandelingen 317:1-202. Grissell, E.
E. 1976. A
revision of western Nearctic species of Torymus
Dalman (Hymenoptera: Toryminae).
Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 79:
1-120. Grissell, E.E. 1979. Family Torymidae. Catalogue of Hymenoptera in America North of
Mexico 1:748-769. (Ed.: Krombein, K.V.; Hurd, P.D.;
Smith, D.R.; Burks, B.D.) Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Grissell, E.E. 1995. Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition,
generic classification and annotated world catalogue of species. Memoirs on Entomology, International 2:474pp. Grissell,
E. E. & C. E. Goodpasture.
1981. A review of Nearctic
Podagrionini, with description of sexual behavior of Podagrion mantis
(Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 74: 226-41. Hoffmeyer, E.B. 1930. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der dänischen
Callimomiden, mit Bestimmungsrabellen der europäischen Arten. (Hym. Chalc.) (Slutning) Entomologiske Meddelelser 17:232-260. Hoffmeyer, E.B. 1931.
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der dänischen callimomiden, mit Bestimmungstabellen der
europäischen Arten. (Hym., Chalc.) (Callimomidenstudien 5.). Entomologiske
Meddelelser 17:261-285. Hussey, N.W. 1955. The life-histories of
Megastigmus spermatrophus Wachtl (Hymenoptera:
Chalcidoidea) and its principal parasites with descriptions of the
developmental stages. Transactions
of the Royal Entomological Society of London 106:133-151. Milliron, H. E. 1949.
Taxonomic and biological investigations in the genus Megastigmus with particular
reference to the taxonomy of the nearctic species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea;
Callimonidae). Amer. Midl. Nat. 41:
257-420. Muesebeck, C.F.W. 1931. Monodontomerus aereus Walker, both a primary and a secondary
parasite of the brown-tail moth and the gypsy moth. Journal of Agricultural Research 43(5):445-459. Narendran, T.C. 1994. Torymidae and Eurytomidae of Indian
subcontinent. 500pp. University of Calicut, Kerala, India. Nikol'skaya, M. N. & M.
D. Zerova. 1978/1987. Family Torymidae (Callimomidae)
(Torymids). In: G. S. Medvedev
(ed.) 1987, Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR. Vol. 3
Hymenoptera, Pt. 2. Akad. Nauk., Zool. Inst., Leningrad, SSSR. (trans. fr. Russian,
Amerind. Publ. Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi).
1341 p. Parnell, J.R. 1964. The parasite complex
of two seed beetles Bruchidius
ater Marsh (Col., Bruchidae) and Apion fuscirostre Fbr. (Col.,
Curculionidae). Transactions
of the Royal Entomological Society of London 116:73-88. Peck, O.;
Boucek, Z.; Hoffer, A. 1964. Keys to the Chalcidoidea of Czechoslovakia (Insecta:
Hymenoptera). Memoirs of
the Entomological Society of Canada No 34:170pp, 289 figs. Prinsloo, G. L. 1980.
An illustrated guide to the families of African Chalcidoidea (Insecta:
Hymenoptera). Rep. So. Africa, Dept.
Agr. & Fisheries Sci. Bull. 395. 66 p. Skrzypczynska, M. 1978. Megastigmus suspectus Borries, 1895 (Hymenoptera,
Torymidae), its morphology, biology and economic significance. Zeitschrift
für Angewandte Entomologie 85:204-215. Szelényi, G. 1957.
The genera of the subfamily Monodontomerinae (Hym.,
Chalcidoidea). Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. (n.s.) 8: 381-88. Varley, G.C. 1937. Description of the eggs and
larvae of four species of chalcidoid Hymenoptera parasitic on the knapweed
gall-fly. Proceedings
of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 6:122-130, 5 figs Yoshimoto, C. M.
1984. The Insects and
Arachnids of Canada. Part 12. The
Families and Subfamilies of Canadian Chalcidoid Wasps, Hymenoptera:
Chalcidoidea. Biosystematics Res.
Inst., Ottawa, Ontario, Res. Br. Agr. Canada
Publ. 1760. 149 p. |