248a (123b). Hind femur enlarged, with ventral teeth, either a few large
or many small ones (saw-like)
(Fig.A); hind
tibia not quite equal to femur and arched; specimens usually 5-15 mm, broad
bodied, rarely <1-2 mm .......A.
|
248b. Hind femur not enlarged, ventral teeth, if present, 2 or
less, or ventral edge serrated (Fig. A); hindtibia straight (rarely half length
of femur); specimens usually 1-10 mm., robust to fragile
|
249a (248a). Prepectus reduced or fused (Fig.A), not readily apparent, of if so, not
triangular in outline
(Fig.A).... A
|
249b. Prepectus in the form of a triangular
plate (Fig.A)
|
250a (249a). Ovipositor directed horizontally [in
most species not extended beyond tip of abdomen]; tegula almost an oval
disc; fore wing not folded longitudinally; posterior gena with distinct
ridge; body often large but not usually metallic (Figs.A-D)....A .....
Chalcididae
|
250b. Ovipositor curved upwards over abdomen (Fig.A); male abdomen covered by pitted hard covering of fused dorsal plates (Fig.A ); tegula narrowly extended forward,
ladel-like; fore
wing often folded longitudinally; body large, wasp-like, with fore wing
longitudinally folded
as in Vespidae, frequently with black and yellow pattern (Figs.B-D) ....... Leucospidae
|
251a
(2 251a). Frons projects as 2 "horns" (surrounding
antennae) in dorsal view (Fig.A); petiole on abdomen, not long but with
distinct dorsal ridges; ventral edge of hind femur with smoothly arched
comb of minute teeth (Figs.B-C)...... A ....... Chalcididae (generalized) (Dirhininae)
[also see fly-par.htm
]
|
251b. Frons not modified as "horns," mostly flat in
dorsal view (Fig.A); hind tibia almost perpendicularly
squared at tip; 2 hind tibial spurs ...….... Chalcididae (Haltichellinae)
|
251c. Frons not modified as "horns," mostly flat in dorsal
view; hind tibia obliquely squared at tip (Fig.A); either 1hind tibial spur or spur not
apparent; abdominal petiole eitherconcealed or much shorter than 1/2 length of abdomen and
not striated longitudinally ............ Chalcididae
(Chalcidinae)
|
252a (249b). Eyes diverge ventrally; antennae
inserted low on face; ovipositor not protrudin (Figs.A-B).........=A..........Pteromalidae
(Chalcedectini: Cleonyminae)
(part) [also see [also see 294]
|
252b. Eyes
nearly parallel; antennae inserted near middle of face; ovipositor
protruding (Figs.A-C) .......
Torymidae
(generalized) (Podagrionini:
Monodontomerinae) (part)
|
253a (248b). Antennae with 5-7 segments between
pedicel and club; tarsi usually with 5 segments (if with 4, then males of
Tetracampidae, or tiny specimens with long antennae and characteristic wings, (see Mymaridae
illustrations) (Fig.A)..........
A.
|
253b. Antennae with 0-4 segments between pedicel and club; tarsi
with 3, 4, or 5 segments (Fig.A); or specimens 0.2-1 or 2 mm. long and
such characters hard to see (many tiny fragile
specimens)........................
|
254a (253a). Hind wing without stalk, expanded as
shown; forewing venation ends beyond basal 1/3rd (postmarginal present,
stigmal elongated to sessile) (Fig.A); specimens usually >2 mm .........
.A
|
254b. Hind wing stalked and elongated (rarely reduced to only a
short stub, hooked at tip); fore wing venation linear, ending in basal 1/3rd
(postmarginal vein absent, stigmal rudimentary), or seemingly absent;
specimens usually <2 mm
|
255a (254b). Abdominal petiole with distinct 2
segments and very thin; fore wing reticulate (= net-like); both fore and hind wings
narrow at base into a linear stalk (Fig.A); mandibles with teeth
exodont (extended outwards); antennal
sockets closer to eyes than to each other (rare in North American
collections) .......... .A......... Mymerommatidae
|
255b. Abdominal petiole with 1 segment or none; fore wing
membrane smooth, hind wing membrane
not reaching base, but reduced to a linear stalk formed by submarginal vein
(Fig.A); frons with H-shaped impressed lines (Fig.A ); antennal
sockets much closer to eyes than to each other; egg parasites
(common in North American collections) .... (Figs.B-H). ... Mymaridae
|
256a (254a). Mesopleuron concave; midtibial spur
thin and like a spine (Fig.A)... ......A
|
256b. Mesopleuron convex (bulging);
midtibial spur relatively thick (Fig.A)
|
257a (256a). Head projects forward, female mandible
with rasplike appendage; female scape always distinctly widened but
irregular in shape (Fig.A), 3rd antennal segment not ring-like
but extended mesodorsally into a thick spine (Fig.A); eyes very small or vestigial, celli
mostly absent; at least hind tibia shorter than femur; male wingless (much
modified) or
short-winged, wing stumps often as short filaments, rarely with narrow wing
blade; body yellowish to dark brown or black, with shortened spiny tibiae,
tarsal segments often very reduced; not parasitic and collected from fig
fruits (Figs.B-F)...... A.....Agaonidae
|
257b. Head projects downward,female without appendage on
mandible; hind tibia at least as long as femur, usually longer; male
similar to female (Fig.A)
|
258a (257b). Antennal insertion definitely more
than one socket diameter above free margin of clypeus; if doubtful, then
either eyes diverge ventrally or side of head ("cheeks") ridged (carinate) ......A..…
(Fig.A)
|
258b. Antennal insertion less than one
socket diameter above free margin of clypeus; if doubtful, side of head
without ridges .......(Fig.A)
|
259a (258b). Antennae arise at side and below free
margin of clypeus; thorax with some distinct pits or wrinkles, often also
head; scutellum without sublateral lines but often with pitted frenal
line (Fig.A ); fore wing membrane flat,
pubescent, without a tuft of scales; frons with median pitted groove;
abdominal petiole longer than wide; body black or slightly metallic (Figs.B-D) (common in North American
collections)......A...Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae)....[also
see 294 and fly-par.htm
]
|
259b. Antennae arise slightly above free margin of clypeus;
abdominal petiole not visible (Fig.
A)
(rare in North American collections) ........ Pteromalidae
(Ceinae)
[also see Asaphinae & Eunotinae].
|
260a (258a). Fore wing stigma enlarged (Fig.A), longer than stigmal vein, and
projects toward hind
margin of wing; ovipositor sheaths always protruding; antennae with 7
funicle segments;
thorax with rather sparse and usually outstanding conspicuous hairs, always without
short hairs; body often somewhat yellow and rarely metallic (Figs.B-C)
....... .A......... Torymidae
(Megastigminae).
|
260b. Fore wing stigma not enlarged, shorter than stigmal vein (stigma
at times surrounded by pigmented
tainlike area); ovipositor and antenna variable (Fig.A)
|
261a (260b). Scutellum with submedian grooves that
meet prescutal sutures and outline a median rectangular area (ra) or
stigmal vein long and almost at right angle to marginal vein (Figs.A-B) (rare in collections from fig fruits
in Florida .... .A ..... Torymidae (Sycophaginae)
|
261b. Scutellum without submedian grooves, prescutal sutures
separated from scutellum by axilla (= triangular or rounded sclerite
on side of scutellum and mostly just back of the base of front
wing); either stigmal vein ling and angled off of marginal vein or short (Fig.A) (common
& widespread in North America)
|
262a (261b). Hind coxa much longer and wider than forecoxa
by 2-3 times; if doubtful, then prescutal sutures absent or weak and female
with protruding ovipositor (Fig.A ........... A.
|
262b. Hind coxa nearly same size as fore coxa; if doubtful, then
prescutal sutures well developed and female ovipositor not
protruding (Fig.A)
|
263a (262a). Ovipositor at least a little protruding;
both sexes: abdomen without pits; propodeum postero-laterally angled
and does not project over hind coxa (dorsal view); cerci of
last dorsal plate elongated or 4-sided and with long setae (not as apparent
in male as
female); pronotum mostly long, often almost conical; prepectus almost equal
to tegula; hind
tibial spurs thin; male abdomen collapsed or convex, in latter case at
least as high as broad,
without lateral edge (Figs.A-E)
....... .A....... Torymidae..
.(Subfamilies: … 264)
|
263b. Ovipositor not protruding; both sexes: pronotum relatively short; abdomen with
pits and always
heavily sclerotized; propodeum postero-laterally rounded and projects over
hind coxa (dorsal view); cerci of last dorsal
plate reduced to low plates (like a disk); prepectus much smaller than tegula; hind tibial
spurs thickened (Figs.A-B) ........... Ormyridae
|
264a (263a). Metapleuron with straight anterior
margin; stigmal vein much shorter than breadth of coastal cell, stigma at
most only slightly knobbed (Fig.A ); head and thorax always metallic or
slightly so in Australian species; hairs on thorax usually dense and short
........ A ........ Torymidae (Monodontomerinae)
|
264b. Metapleuron with anterior margin angled or protruding
forward (Fig.A ), so that metapleuron
forms a distinct lobe; antennae of Australian species always with 1 anellus (ring segment) and 7 funicular
segments (Fig.B) ......
Torymidae
(Toryminae)
|
265a (262b). Pronotum rectangular in dorsal view, about
as wide as scutum, sides parallel and flat laterally; body black, yellow, or mixed black &
yellow, but rarely faintly metallic; thorax mostly with coarse hairy pits;
abdomen usually oval in crossview and compressed laterally (Figs.A-D) ........ A .....
Eurytomidae
(Subfamilies: 266)
|
265b. Pronotum in dorsal view narrowed to a transverse (= at right angles to
longitudinal axis) strip,
or not visible (if elongated, then narrower at base than apex and sides
concave to accomodate front femora (rare, some Cleonyminae); body often
metallic blue or green, rarely black; abdomen usually keel-shaped
(triangular in cross view) and somewhat compressed dorsally (Fig.A)
|
266a (265a). Prepectus (p) as large or larger than
tegula; antennae at most with 12 segments (Fig.A ), with only 1 ring segment and
this often almost fused with first funicular A segment; apical segments mostly fused
into a club (Fig.B) ........ Eurytomidae (Eurytominae)
|
266b. Prepectus smaller than tegula (Fig.A)
|
267a (266b). Scutellum with projection; tegula
sculptured (Fig.A). .....A.
...... Eurytomidae (Heimbrinae)
|
267b. Scutellum without projection; tegula
smooth; antennae with 13 segments (Fig.A), the segments after pedicel either not
differentiated or proximal 3 segments of flagellum shortened and then almost anelliform (= ring-like)........ Eurytomidae (Rileyinae)
|
268a (265b). Pronotum not visible in dorsal view,
covered by distinctly arched scutum; sculpture on thorax often coarse;
abdomen like a rudder, on long petiole; marginal vein usually
very long, but sometimes poorly defined; mandibles often sickle-shaped,
narrow (Fig.A );
marginal vein unusually long in some species (Figs.B-E)...Eucharitidae...A….(Subfamilies: 269)
|
268b. Pronotum visible in dorsal view, scutum not heavily arched;
abdomen usually elongated and petiole usually not visible.... (petiolate
forms occur) (Fig.A)
|
270a (268b). Abdomen covered by first two dorsal
plates (or seemingly covered by single plate); prepectus often fused with
side panel of pronotum (Fig.A), if prepectus clearly separated
than face with discernible supraclypeal area and strong mandibles only
2-toothed (Fig.A); prescutal sutures always complete;
body short and squat; head with well defined clypeus and at least 1 mandible
with 2 teeth; body metallic to black, thorax mostly with coarse hairy pits (Figs.B-C) ......A...…..........
Perilampidae (Subfamilies:….. 271)
|
270b. Abdomen with 3 or more readily visible dorsal plates; body
usually elongated; head variable
but usually with inconspicuous clypeus and small mandibles with 3-4 teeth; either
prescutal sutures incomplete or antenna with 13 segments (Figs.A-B) .......... Pteromalidae...(Subfamilies: 272 & 294)
|
271a (270a). Prepectus not fused to pronotum;
suture clearly visible (Fig.A)..... A.....
Perilampidae (Chrysolampinae)
|
271b. Prepectus fused to pronotum (suture absent or barely
visible) (Figs.A-D) ............. Perilampidae (Perilampinae)
|
272a (270b). Axillae (ax) advanced far forward of
scutellum or cuts a distinct angle into side lobe of scutum (Fig.A)......... A
|
272b. Axillae
not extended forward of scutellum, or if slightly advanced, does not cut a
distinct angle into side lobe of scutum .... (Fig.A)
|
273b. Axillae not enlarged, not close
medially; body without white, scale-like setae (Fig.A)
|
274a (273b). Scutellum posterior without triangular
"projection" and with parallel dorsal grooves;
ovipositor often protruding (Fig.A) ...... .A.....
Pteromalidae (Colotrechninae)
....[also see 294]
|
274b. Scutellum posterior with triangular "projection" (is
part of metanotum) and without apparent dorsal grooves; scapula extends
backwards outside the rectangular outer corner of axilla, axilla 2X as long
as broad; mid tarsus with 4 segments, unusually long (Fig.A), first segment as long as rest;
prepectus unusually small Pteromalidae (Macromesinae).[also
see 294]
|
275a (272b). Head in dorsal view with posterior
ocelli touching sharp occipital (= dorsal posterior)
edge, gena usually posteriorly ridged; clypeal margin not extended;
thorax A hariness mostly replaced by sparce bristles (Figs.A-C) …......
Pteromalidae
(Eunotinae)....
[also see 294]
|
275b. Head in dorsal view with posterior ocelli distant from
rounded occipital margin; if doubtful, then head with curved black spines (Fig.A)
|
276a (275b). Head with projection between antennae,
visible both from above and side (antennae not shown) (Fig.A); body and antennae shiny, latter
usually always without anelli (= ring segments); wings, if not
reduced, without conspicuous hariness but with fine long marginal fringe,
sometimes with a tuft at stigma; marginal vein usually long, but postmarginal
and stigmal veins short; body yellowish to blackish, rarely metallic.
......... .A..... Pteromalidae (Cerocephalinae)....[also
see 294]
|
276b. Head without interantennal projection
(Fig.A)...,,,,...A..
|
277a (276b). Head and thorax dorsally with black,
curved spines; antennae with 13 segments; hind coxae with fine longitudinal
ridges and inserted unusually high (Fig.A), its outer face often with
longitudinal sculpture; short-winged or wingless females common ......... .A.........
Pteromalidae (Diparinae)....[also
see 294]
|
277b. Head and thorax may have setae, but not black spines; hind
coxae sculptured or smooth, without
longitudinal ridges ........... (Fig.A)
|
278a (277b). Body typically elongated (1-2 cm.);
head with ridged, raised areas (crests) between eye and scrobal basin;
pronotum in dorsal view about 2X as long as broad, also petiole, legs and wings
unusually long and slender (Fig.A); ovipositor protrudes, long; antennae with 13 segments without ring
segments; very rare in NorthAmerica)........A.
.......Pteromalidae (Leptofoeninae)....[also
see 294]
|
278b. Body less elongated (usually less than 1 cm.); head without
ridged, raised area between eye and scrobal basin (Fig.A) (commonly collected in North America)
..........A.
|
279a (278b). Eyes divergent ventrally, parallel dorsally;
pronotum often, though not always, longer than wide, dorsally rounded
and medially often with smooth strip or raised longitudinal line; thorax
usually pitted (Figs.A-C) ........ .A.
....... Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae).... [also see 294]
|
279b. Eye margins mostly parallel; pronotum
always wider than long (Fig.A)
|
280a (279b). Either eyes, head, and thorax densely
covered with setae, or scutellum largely
A ........ .polished and with only 2
pairs of bristles (rare in North American collections) (Fig.A)
|
280b. Eyes not densely covered with setae, head and thorax occasionally
so; scutellum rarely with
paired bristles, but if so there are 3 or more pairs and they are
inconspicuous (Fig.A)
|
281a (280a). Eyes, head and thorax densely covered with
setae; first dorsal plate without distinct longitudinal grooves;
head including large eyes, thorax dorsally and wings regularly densely
hairy, never with paired bristles (Fig.A); postmarginal vein much longer than
stigmal. ........A .......... (Herbertinae)....[also
see 294]
|
281b. Eyes not covered with setae; scutellum largely polished and
with 2 pairs of prominent bristles;
male antennae with 6 conspicuous segments between pedicel and club (Fig.A), rarely
5 (Fig.A); marginal vein at least 4X as long as
stigmal vein (Fig.A), fore wing mostly
very densely hairy, including basal 1/3rd; in females antenna with 6
distinct funicular
segments and sometimes with 1 ring-like segment (Fig.A);
female propodeum often
very hairy (Figs.A-C) ............ Tetracampidae
|
282a (280b). Sides of head ("cheeks")
laterally ridged, temple absent (Fig.A), gena posteriorly produced into
a lamina; antenna clubbed, all preclub segments of flagellum at right
angles to
longitudinal axis; scutellum anteriorly with 2 deep pits; second dorsal
plate of petiolate abdomen
very large, covering most of dorsum, dorsally somewhat fused with the 1st
dorsal plate.
... .A........ Pteromalidae (Asaphinae)....[also
see 294]
|
282b. Sides of head rounded laterally; notauli (= longitudinal sutures of the
mesonotum separating
the median area from the lateral area) incomplete and wide apart; marginal
vein widened in basal part (Fig.A); clypeal margin often with deep
incision and asymmetric teeth; dorsum of thorax
reticulate, almost bare, without bristles (Fig.B) ..... Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae / Miscogasterinae) .......... .[also see 294]
|
283a (256b). Cercus at tip of abdomen; fore and
midcoxae separated (midcoxa posterior to midpoint of mesopleuron); axillae
(ax) do not meet medially (if so, at least as long as wide);
marginal vein longer than stigmal or postmarginal (Fig.A) .........A
|
283b. Cercus anterior to tip of abdomen; fore & mid coxae
nearly touching (mid coxa anterior to middle of mesopleuron) (Fig.A); flagellum with at most 9 segments (occasionally
one very small
ring-like segment); axillae transverse (= at right angle with
longitudinal axis), often meeting
in midline (Fig.A); marginal vein often shorter than
stigmal or postmarginal; mesoscutum
convex and short; prescutal sutures absent or indicated by superficial
lines converging to meet at the pointed front
end of scutellum (Figs.B-Z) ......... Encyrtidae (adults-1) (adults-2) [also see fly-par.htm
]
|
284a (283a). Prescutal sutures mostly invisible, do
not meet; prepectus flat, not projected flagellum with 7-8 segmented funicle
plus club; mid coxae much closer to hind coxae than to fore ones (Fig.A); axillae not obviously at right angles with
longitudinal axis and mostly wide apart so that scutellum is only rarely
pointed anteriorly; marginal vein always much longer
than stigmal vein (Figs.B-F) ...... A........Eupelmidae...(Subfamilies: 285)
|
284b. Prepectus swollen, in dorsal view protruding forwards as
conspicuous shoulders (Fig.A), prescutal sutures meet medially;
pronotum very short; always fully winged, stigmal vein fairly
long but shorter than marginal (Fig.A); antennae with 12 segments; tropical
and phytophagous
(not parasitic) .......... Tanaostigmatidae
|
285a (284a). Lack membranous area anterior to mid
coxal insertion (Fig.A)
.......A ........ Eupelmidae (Metapelmatinae)
|
285b. With membranous area anterior to midcoxal
insertion (Fig.A)
|
286a (285b). Scutum wider than pronotum, with
anterolateral shoulders produced (Fig.A) ........ A.
......... .Eupelmidae (Calosotinae)
|
286b. Scutum not much wider than pronotum, with anterolateral
shoulders indistinct (Figs.A-B)
......... Eupelmidae (Eupelminae)
|
287a (253b). Usually 1 mm. or longer; body often
metallic or dark in color; abdomennarrowly joined at propodeum (petiole may or
may not be apparent); tarsi always with 4 segments; postmarginal vein present or absent (Fig.A)...........A.
|
287b. Usually 1 mm or less in length; body mostly
pale yellow to white, sometimes with dark markings or wholly dark, but not
metallic; abdomen broadly joined to propodeum; postmarginal vein absent;
tarsi usually with 3-5 segments (if 4 segments, then club large and
undivided or wing fringed with long setae, or middle tarsi with only 4
segments) (Fig A)
|
288a (287a). Hind coxa greatly enlarged; posterior
scutellum with triangular, usually translucent flap overhanging
propodeum; hind tibia with irregular, linear, or diamond-shaped patterns of setae;
prescutal sutures indistinct; tarsi with 4 segments; fore wing very narrow,
wedge-shaped and almost completely hairy, without outstanding bristles;
male antenna with 3 branches.......... (Fig.A); general appearance (Figs.A-E) ...... .A ......
Elasmidae
|
288b.
Hind coxa not greatly enlarged (normal); posterior scutellum without
overhanging triangular flap; hind
tibia without irregular setal patterns; body ranges from minute to medium
size (Figs.A-D) (up to 6 mm long) ..........Eulophidae..(Subfamilies: 289)
|
289a (288b). Scutellum usually with 1 pair of
setae; submarginal vein with 2 dorsal bristles (except some Neotropical
genera with more); stigmal vein always very short and postmarginal even
shorter than stigmal; face usually with scrobal and facial grooves;
notaular grooves abruptly directed sideways and before the bend at least
shortly interrupted; fully winged (Fig.A)......... A.......
. Eulophidae (Entedoninae)
|
289b. Scutellum with 2 pairs of setae (rarely 3 or more);
submarginal with 3 or more setae (rarely with 1 or 2); face usually
without distinct grooves
|
290a (289b). Fore wing with bare area posterior to
marginal vein with single row of setae; usually with 2-3 "lines of setae" radiating
from stigmal vein; scutellum in dorsal view entire, without longitudinal
grooves, axillae on its sides separated by a depression which is not
visible dorsally (Fig.A); female abdomen with 2 dorsal plates
after the 6th (spiracle bearing),
these loose or only partly fused ....... A........
Eulophidae (Euderinae)
|
290b. Fore wing usually evenly setose posterior to marginal vein
without row of setae; rarely with
any "lines of setae" radiating from stigmal, when present,
usually only one (Fig.A)
|
291a (290b). Postmarginal vein usually absent or
rudimentary; shiny scutellum often with paired submedian grooves that
divide the scutellum into 3 distinct pieces (Figs.A-B) ....... .A.
...…... Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae)
|
291b. Postmarginal vein present, stigmal vein usually moderately
long; submarginal vein at distal
end usually smooth curving into stigma (Fig.A); scutellum without submedian grooves,
rarely with lateral grooves, when present at extreme lateral margins,
scutellum usually
with 2 or more pairs of setae (Fig.A), in some
species with additional hairiness .......... Eulophidae (Eulophinae)
|
292a (287b). Tarsi with 3 segments, all segments
elongated and almost of same length (Fig.A); setae on wings
usually arranged in rows; stigmal vein usually elongated, postmarginal vein
absent (Fig.A);
antennae short (5-9 segments) (Fig.A) and with few discernible
funicular segments, male with elongated antennal "setae."; body
minute, rarely exceeding 1 mm in length, never metallic (Figs.B-C);
egg parasites ........ A. ........ Trichogrammatidae
|
292b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; setae on
wings largely absent, evenly covering wings, or with only a few bare spots or
rows present; stigmal vein short and not obviously divergent from wing
margin; antennae variable, but usually with discernible funiclar segments
(if not, then with large undivided club) (Fig.A)
|
293a (292b). Propodeum without median triangular
area; scutellum (sc) not transverse (anterior, posterior sides not
parallel), axillae (ax) distinct from scutellum, rarely meeting medially;
club of antenna almost always segmented (a few species here have antennae
like Signiphoridae). Axillae (ax) do not meet medially,
generally widely separated; prescutal sutures (n) present and mostly far
apart, complete (Fig.A) and abdomen broadly sessile; fore wing
post marginal vein mostly absent; (antennal club in Eretmocerus large and undivided, tarsi with 4
segments); body usually less than
1 mm long, rarely 1.7 mm, always not metallic (Figs.B-H) ......... A.…......
Aphelinidae
|
293b.
Propodeum with triangular median area (Fig.A); scutellum (sc) transverse (sides parallel),
fused with axillae and forming a narrow cross-belt or widely separated;
prescutal sutures complete but fine, linear; thorax smooth; club of antenna
elongated and not segmented; male antennae simple; fore wing not especially
narrow, basal 13rd mostly bare but with several very prominent
bristles; body small, hardly ever >1mm long, usually black and
depressed dorsally, always winged, abdomen broadly sessile (Figs.B-C) ........ Signiphoridae
|
|