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[For teaching purposes only; do not review, quote or abstract]
Keys to Families of Chalcidoidea
Australasian
Area:
(Derived from Bouček, 1988 & Grandi, 1952 by E. F. Legner)
[Please refer to <Guide> for illustrations (Powerful connections use <Guide-2>)]
Overview:
Bouček (1988) discussing the characteristics
of a chalcid stated that "All chalcids have the
wing venation greatly reduced,
generally to one linear vein, without any closed cells, but such reduction
is found also in some other groups
(Figs. A-G). Another important feature
is found on the anterior part
of the thorax; the prepectus. It is a subtriangular sclerite between the
lateral panel of the pronotum and
the tegula. The prepectus is absent in the proctotrupoid families which
otherwise in venation resemble
chalcids. In chalcids the prepectus is reduced very rarely (in Rotoita,
Fig. H; and in some Macromesus,
Fig. I), but then the mesothoracic
spiracle can be found at the dorso-lateral margin of the mesoscutum (Fig. J).
In the proctotrupoid groups this spiracle is always situated much
lower (Fig. A). The chalcidoid antennae
are almost always elbowed between the
scapus and the rest (indistinctly so in some Eucharitidae)."
"Other chalcidoid characters may be difficult to
see. They include longitudinal placoid
sensilla on at
least some segments of the flagellum,
the second abdominal segment, i.e. the one immediately after the
propodeum, transformed into the
petiole and always differentiated from the rest of the abdomen, which is
here called the gaster (= abdomen). The gaster bears one pair of spiracles, on
the sixth tergite (eighth
abdominal tergite). Another feature is the form of the
ovipositor and its components (Figs. K-L)."
1a. Fore wing with at least one cell enclosed
by veins (rarely in Cynipoidea the cell is open on wing front margin
which it
touches)..........................................................................................non-chalcidoid Hymenoptera
1b. Fore wings without any enclosed cell,
mostly with one longitudinal vein with a distal branch (as Figs. A-B); or
wings shortened or
absent.............................................................................................................................2
2a. Dorso-lateral corner of pronotum extended
to base of fore wing (Figs. A-F), or to place where fore wing would
be (ants); flagellum at its base (beyond 2nd antennal segment)
usually without very much shortened
segment(s); 1st abdominal segment behind propodeum frequently not
transformed into a petiole …...
non-chalcidoid Hymenoptera
2b. Dorso-lateral corner of pronotum separated
from wing base by a gap filled by a subtriangular sclerite,
prepectus (Fig. A, pct;
this sometimes small: Figs. B-C); one or more proximal segments of flagellum
frequently reduced to ring-like segments (Fig. D); abdominal
segment just behind propodeum always
differentiated as a petiole, although not easily visible in some
forms (Fig. E).................Chalcidoidea......3
3a. Tarsi with 3 segments, all segments
elongated and almost of same length (Fig. A); body minute, rarely
exceeding 1 mm length, never metallic, never quite smooth, mostly
fully winged; postmarginal vein absent
(Figs. A-B); prescutal sutures complete; antennae short, with 5-9
segments (Figs. C-D); egg parasitoids
.......................................................................................................................................Trichogrammatidae
3b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments of if rarely with fewer segments (aberrant
males of some fig wasps) then some
segments very short, body yellowish and smooth, wingless, without
complete prescutal sutures; in other
aspects at least partly
different......................................................................................................................4
4a. Gastral petiole with distinct 2 segments
and very slender; both fore- and hind wings basally narrowed into a
linear stalk (Fig. A); mandibles with teeth exodont (turned
outwards); antennal sockets closer to eyes than
to each other; very rare
...................................................................................................Mymarommatidae
4b. Petiole, if conspicuous, with 2 segment or if apparently with 2 segments (Fig.
A), then all other characters
different.........................................................................................................................................................5
5a. Antenna with 14 segments, in female with
6-segmented clava (Fig. A); tarsi with 4 segments; prepectus not
distinct, prescutal sutures absent [only in New Zealand as of
1993]............................................Rotoitidae
5b. Either antenna with fewer segments or tarsi with 5 segments; clava never with
6 segments; prepectus distinct,
prescutal sutures usually at least partly
present.............................................................................................6
6a. Blade of hind wing (short-winged forms
rare) not reaching base, but reduced to a linear stalk formed by
submarginal vein (Fig. A); frons with H-shaped impressed lines:
adorbital vertical lines connected not far
above antennae by a straight cross-line (Fig. B); antennal toruli
much closer to eyes than to each other; fore
wing almost always without postmarginal vein, stigmal vein reduced
to a short stub and mostly situated far
before middle of anterior margin; [in females with conspicuous
long-oval clava, antenna without ring-like
segments after pedicel; appendages mostly very long and slender;
body usually below 2 mm length; egg
parasitoids]..................................................................................................................................Mymaridae.
6b. Hind wing not stalked; head without
H-shaped lines; if wings reduced then sockets closer to each other than to
eyes and antenna different; forewing with different
venation.......................................................................7
7a. Mesothoracic pleuron much enlarged,
convex, transformed into a large, undivided shield (Fig. 30); prepectus
with its posterior margin often loose and thin; spur of mid tibia
often large and minutely hairy.................8
7b. Mesopleuron not transformed into a regular
shield, distinctly subdivided at least by an oblique impression or a
line from mid coxa towards fore wing (Figs. A-B); prepectus
embedded posteriorly between and mostly
tightly connected with, surrounding sclerites; spur of mid tibia
usually thin..............................................11
8a. Prepectus swollen, in dorsal view
protruding forwards as conspicuous shoulders (Fig. A); mesoscutum short
and with distinct groove-like prescutal sutures meeting near to angulate
anterior end of scutellum; if thorax
in contracted position then transscutal line opened as a membranous
belt; pronotum very short; always
fully winged, stigmal vein fairly long but shorter than the
marginal (Fig. B); antenna always with 12
segments; tropical phytophagous
group............................................................................Tanaostigmatidae
8b. Prepectus not bulging; mesoscutum mostly
with prescutal sutures arranged differently; if thorax contracted the
transscutal line not showing a membranous gap; also otherwise
different from previous (6a)....................9
9a. Mesoscutum with complete groove-like
prescutal sutures reaching axillae wide apart; axillae broadly
separated; marginal vein usually very long and then postmarginal
vein absent; funicle at most with 5
segments......................[rare
forms of Aphelinidae]
9b. Either prescutal sutures not groove-like
or not wide apart posteriorly; axillae often medially close to each other
or meeting; if marginal vein relatively long then funicle with more
than 5 segments................................10
10a. Flagellum with at most 9 segments (plus
occasionally one very small ring-like segment); mid coxae much
nearer to fore coxae than to hind ones (Fig. A); mesoscutum convex
and short, prescutal sutures absent or
indicated by superficial lines converging to meet at the pointed
front end of scutellum; axillae transverse,
often meeting in midline (Fig. B); marginal vein often shorter than
the stigmal .........................Encyrtidae
10b. Flagellum with 7-8 segmented funicle plus
clava (except Neanastatus, with ring-like segment plus 5-
segmented funicle); mid coxae much nearer to hind coxae than to
fore ones (Figs. A-B); mesoscutum often
with prescutal suture depressions (Fig. C); axillae not decidedly
transverse (= at right angle with
longitudinal axis) and mostly wide apart so that scutellum is only
rarely pointed anteriorly; marginal vein
always much longer than stigmal vein........................................................................................Eupelmidae
11a. Hind femur much enlarged and with teeth on
ventral edge (Figs. A-B); abdomen convex, not collapsed
....................................................................................................................................................................12
11b. Hind femur not much enlarged and toothed; in doubtful case abdomen
not convex, dorsally collapsed......14
12a. Posterior gena with distinct ridge (Figs.
A-B); prepectus very small and tegula only slightly longer than broad;
body often large and not metallic, yet if with slight metallic
tinge then without pale color pattern
...............................................................................................................................................Chalcididae 34
12b. Posterior gena rounded (Fig. 13a-A); often
different in other
respects...........................................................13
13a. Body large, wasp-like, with fore wing
longitudinally folding as in vespids, frequently with black and yellow
pattern; ovipositor turned upwards over abdomen (Fig. A); male
abdomen covered by punctate carapace of
fused tergites (Fig. B); tegula long
spoon-like............................................................................Leucospidae
13b. Body very different, with unfolded wings,
normal ovipositor, in male no carapace; tegula broad and rather
short (aberrant forms of Agaonidae, Eulophidae and
Pteromalidae)..........................................................17
14a. Thorax smooth, scutellum fused with
axillae and forming a narrow cross-belt, also metanotum belt-like but
propodeum with triangular median area (Fig. A); antenna with long
undivided clava preceded by 2-4 ring-
like segments; body small, hardly ever >1mm long, usually black
and dorsally depressed, always winged,
abdomen broadly sessile..........................................................................................................Signiphoridae
14b. Thorax different, especially scutellum
never of such form; propodeum never with flat smooth triangular area;
antenna quite different from alternative; body often larger
.......................................................................15
15a. Hind coxa very large (Fig. A), almost
round, like a disk, its flat outer surface in same plane as, and larger
than, the flat thoracic pleuron; also hind and mid femora flat and
enlarged but not the fore femur; funicle
only with 3 segments; occipital margin ridged, large frons
regularly convex; dorsellum in form of a flat
triangle; winged
forms................................................................................................................................16
15b. Hind coxa always much smaller than in
previous (13a), not nearly round and flattened; in other aspects also
mostly
different...........................................................................................................................................17
16a. Prescutal sutures indistinct; tarsi with 4
segments; fore wing very narrow, wedge-shaped (Fig. A) and almost
completely hairy, without outstanding bristles; male antenna with 3
branches...............................Elasmidae
16b. Prescutal sutures complete but fine,
linear; tarsi with 5 segments; fore wing not especially narrow, basal 1/3rd
bare but with several very robust bristles; antennae of male simple
[Euryischia Riley]..............Aphelinidae
17a. Wingless or short-winged males only, found in or close to fig
syconia; eyes very small or vestigial, ocelli
mostly absent; wing stumps often as short filaments, rarely with
narrow sing blade; body yellowish to dark
brown or black, with shortened spiny tibiae, tarsal segments often
considerably reduced.........................
............................................................................................................................................Agaonidae (part)
17b. Short-winged or long-winged (males and
females), different also in most other respects from previous (15a);
if rarely short winged males then not associated with fig fruits and
tibiae normal, not spiny
(Melittobia).................................................................................................................................................18
18a. Females only associated with fig fruits;
mandibles underneath the head with distinct flat appendages bearing
transverse laminae or rows of fine teeth (Figs. A-B); head somewhat
prognathous, medially with a broad
channel or depression, this rarely reduced to a fine groove above
antennae; scape always distinctly widened
but of irregular shape (Figs. C-D), 3rd antennal segment not
ring-like but produced meso-dorsally into a
stout spine;
[Agaoninae]...............................................................................................................Agaonidae
18b. Males and females in the area always
without mandibular appendages, also head and antennae different....19
19a. All tarsi with 4 segments (Fig.
A)....................................................................................................................20
19b. Tarsi, at least fore and hind ones, with 5
segments..........................................................................................23
20a. Males only; antenna with 6 conspicuous
segments between pedicel and clava (Fig. A), exceptionally 5 (Fig.
B); marginal vein at least 4 times as long as stigmal vein (Figs.
A, C-D), fore wing mostly very densely
hairy, including basal 1/3rd
......................................................................................Tetracampidae (part)
20b. Both sexes; flagellum with fewer segments or marginal vein short (Figs. A-B) and
at least basal 1/3rd of fore
wing somewhat less bare..............................................................................................................................21
21a. Stigmal vein rather long and at very
nearly a right angle with the rather short marginal vein, whereas the
postmarginal is very much reduced (Fig. A); body yellowish and
almost smooth, with few setae on thorax;
basitarsus 2X as long as next segment (Fig. B); associated with fig
fruits....(Epichrysomalinae part)
........................................................................................................................................................Agaonidae
21b. Stigmal vein never at a right angle or body not yellow and smooth;
basitarsus mostly shorter than previous
(19a).............................................................................................................................................................22
22a. Body <1 mm long; mesoscutum with
straight prescutal sutures which even posteriorly are further apart than
the scutellum is
long.........................................................................................................Aphelinidae (part)
22b. Body from minute to medium size (length up
to 6 mm), different from previous (20a); if prescutal sutures
straight and complete then distance between them posteriorly much
less than length of scutellum
................................................................................................................................................Eulophidae
81
23a. Prescutal sutures usually far apart,
complete (Fig. A) and abdomen
broadly sessile; fore wing often with linea
clava, postmarginal vein mostly absent (except in Eriaporinae); body
usually less than 1 mm long, rarely
up to 1.7 mm, always without metallic gloss
................................................................Aphelinidae (most)
23b. Prescutal sutures, if complete, much less
removed from each other; abdomen often more distinctly separated
from thorax; fore wing without linea clava, postmarginal vein
mostly developed; body often larger than
previous (21a), often with metallic color
...................................................................................................24
24a. Pronotum subrectangular, large (Figs.
A-D); abdomen convex, not collapsed, ovipositor hardly exserted (if
apex narrowed in a cauda then covered by extended epipygium. Fig.
D); body (regional spp.) not metallic,
usually black or marked with yellow or reddish; lower mesepimeron
not separated; [prescutal sutures
complete though posteriorly sometimes shallow; thorax mostly with
coarse hairy punctuation]
...........................................................................................................................................Eurytomidae 38
24b. Pronotum mostly different from previous
(22a), but if subrectangular then
either abdomen collapsed or body
with some metallic gloss or without coarse punctuation; lower
mesepimeron often delimited by a
groove..........................................................................................................................................................25
25a. Occipital carina present, horseshoe-shaped
(Fig. A) and marginal vein at least
5X as long as narrow
pedunculate part of stigmal vein (Figs. B-E); antenna always with
13 segments; hind coxa either
greatly
enlarged (Figs. F-G) or
fore wing with distinctly knobbed stigma (Figs. H-J); ovipositor mostly
distinctly
exserted, often long; prescutal sutures always complete,
posteriorly subparallel; [both sexes fully winged]
.....................................................................................................................................................................26
25b. Occipital carina often absent or, if present then either marginal vein not so much longer than the pedunculate
part of stigmal vein before uncus or knob, or antenna with fewer than 13 segments; if ovipositor exserted
then prescutal sutures incomplete or antenna with 12 segments (Fig.
A)...................................................27
26a. Cerci 4-sided or elongated, in female
placed in membrane between short 7th tergite and flap-like 8th tergite
(Fig. A); ovipositor at least shortly exserted, often long; male
abdomen collapsed or convex, in latter case
at least as high as broad, without lateral edge (Fig. B); pronotum
mostly long, often subconical
...............................................................................................................................................Torymidae
39
26b. Cerci reduced to low plates and placed on
undivided sclerotized epipygium which is subconical in female
(Figs. A-B), or in form of transverse plate in male; abdomen always
heavily sclerotized and often with
coarse sculpture, sometimes sculpture reduced to small longitudinal
ridges bearing a bristle at apex;
ovipositor not exserted; male abdomen broader than high, with at
least a blunt edge on sides; pronotum
relatively
short............................................................................................................................Ormyridae
27a. Scutellum separated from scutum by axillae
which broadly to narrowly meet medially; pronotum so reduced
that it is not visible dorsally (except Akapata Fig. A, and Echthrodape
Fig. B), but on sides often fused with
prepectus (Figs. C); prescutal sutures usually complete and
scutellar apex often produced; abdomen mostly
petiolate; marginal vein very long (except Echthrodape) but
sometimes poorly defined; sculpture on thorax
often coarse..............................................................................................................................Eucharitidae
27b. Scutellum bordering on scutum or, if only touching it at midpoint then
pronotum is visible dorsally; other
characters also mostly different from previous
(25a)................................................................................28
28a. Females only; antenna with 6 distinct
funicular segments and sometimes with 1 ring-like segment (Figs. A-
B); fore wing mostly with dense pubescence reaching the base and
very long marginal vein and short
stigmal vein with uncus (Figs. A, C); prescutal sutures deep,
complete; propodeum often very hairy (Fig.
A)...........................................................................................................................................Tetracampidae
28b. Both sexes; antenna mostly different but, if similar to previous (26a) then
hariness of fore wing reduced in
basal 1/3rd and venation different; prescutal sutures often
incomplete and propodeum almost always not
hairy mesad of spiracles
...........................................................................................................................29
29a. Prepectus often fused with side panel of
pronotum (Figs. A-B); if prepectus
clearly separated then face with
discernible supraclypeal area and strong mandibles only 2-toothed
(Fig. C); prescutal sutures always
complete; body of metallic color to black, thorax mostly with
coarse hairy punctuation
.................................................................................................................................................Perilampidae
29b. Prepectus clearly separated from pronotum
(sometimes indistinct in Macromesus) and if supraclypeal area is
discernible then mandibles are different; prescutal sutures often
incomplete and thorax usually also
different in other ways; [large group with diverse
forms]........................................................................30
30a. Females only; abdomen with protruding
narrow tail which is formed either by ovipositor alone (with sheaths)
or by ovipositor covered by narrowly extended terminal
tergite(s)..........................................................31
30b. Both sexes; abdomen without previously
described (28a)
tail.....................................................................32
31a. Apex of tail curved downwards; prescutal
sutures complete and antenna with 12
segments, and 1-3 are ring-
like (Figs. A-D); associated with fig fruits...................
....................................................Agaonidae (part)
31b. Tail not curved downward; either prescutal sutures incomplete or antenna with 13 segments (Figs. A-E)
or
with 12 segments and tail shaped like a dart (Cameronella,
Fig. F), or with <12 segments (Figs. G-
H).............................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (part) 42
32a. Mandibles sickle-shaped, narrow (Figs.
A-B); lower face either with well-defined supraclypeal area or with
very deep tentorial pits; marginal vein unusually long but apex of
venation often poorly defined, with
stigmal vein always very short, almost perpendicular (as in Figs.
C-D).......................Eucharitidae (part)
32b. Mandibles broader than previous (30a), not
sickle-shaped; if supraclypeal area is distinct or pit-like
depressions on head deep, then venation with a much shorter marginal
vein and an oblique stigmal vein
longer than previously described
(30a).......................................................................................................33
33a. Females only; metapleuron short but
broadly reaches base of hind wing (Fig. A), hind coxa jointed very high
above mid coxa; apex of abdomen usually curved downward; thorax
dorsally either with unusually fine
dense punctuation or mainly smooth; base of stigmal vein often very
nearly in right angle with
postmarginal vein (latter at times very short or absent);
associated with fig fruits...........Agaonidae (part)
33b. Both sexes; different from previous (31a);
if rarely metapleuron rather broadly reaching base of hind wing
then thoracic dorsum differently sculptured (often net-like);
female abdomen never curved downward at
apex; if stigmal vein branching off nearly at a right angle then
metapleuron triangular (Fig. A); hardly ever
associated with figs fruits..................................................................................................Pteromalidae 42
34a. Apex of hind tibia tapering into a strong
spine extended far beyond insertion of tarsus, between tip of spine
and tarsus usually only one spur and even this often inconspicuous
(Figs. A-C)......................................35
34b. Apex of hind tibia almost perpendicularly
truncate and with two spurs, only rarely ventral corner forming a
short spine (Figs.
A-C)..................................................................................Chalcididae (Haltichellinae)
35a. Antennae minute (Fig. A), flagellum much
shorter than length of eye and with less than 11 distinguishable
segments; abdomen unusually narrow, tail-like and attached at upper
margin of propodeum, far above hind
coxae;
marginal and stigmal veins nearly equal in length; ocelli often very
large....................
.........................................................................................Chalcididae (Smicromorphinae)
35b. Antennae normal, much longer, with at
least 11 distinguishable segments; abdomen attached at coxae, broad,
never
tail-like..............................................................................................................................................36
36a. Head between antennal sockets and eyes
produced into strong edged horns (Fig. A); abdomen on petiole, this
not long but with distinct dorsal carinae; large 1st tergite
anteriorly usually with a striate area (Fig. B);
ventral edge of hind femur with smoothly arched comb of minute
teeth..............Chalcididae (Dirhininae)
36b. Head without such horns; if frons bulging
at sides then hind femur different; also abdomen different........37
37a. Abdomen on slender striate petiole which
is longer than 1/2 of abdomen, body of the latter bulging ventrally
(Fig. A); antennae inserted very low, on a shield protruding over mouth,
sockets virtually absent; marginal
vein very long, stigmal rudimentary, postmarginal
absent.................................Chalcididae (Epitraninae)
37b. Abdomen quite different, petiole either
concealed or at least much shorter and then not longitudinally striate;
other characters also different (Figs. A-B)..............
..........................................Chalcididae (Chalcidinae)
38a. Antennae with 13 segments (Figs. A-B), the
segments after pedicel either not differentiated or proximal 3
segments of flagellum shortened and then somewhat
anelliform.........................Eurytomidae (Rileyinae)
38b. Antennae at most with 12 segments (Figs.
A-B), with only 1 anellus and this often almost fused with first
funicular segment, and apical segments mostly fused into clava
.................Eurytomidae (Eurytominae)
39a. Occiput with horseshoe-shaped carina (Fig.
A); stigmal vein either very short
and then usually not longer
than breadth of costal cell (Figs. B-C) or (if longer) with stigma conspicuously enlarged but on short
petiole (Figs. D-F); thorax never flattened dorsally; epipygium
dorsally extremely short, with its apical part
forming a short flap which is partly membranous at cerci; antennae
always with 13 segments, tarsi with 5
segments; always fully winged; true
Torymidae........................................................................................40
39b. Occiput without horseshoe-shaped carina, although
sometimes separated from vertex by a cross-ridge;
stigmal vein slender and at least slightly longer than breadth of
costal cell (Figs. A-E), usually at wide
angle approaching 90°; thorax
often dorsally flattened, either almost smooth or with almost granulate
reticulation; epipygium never of the form as previously described;
antennae and tarsi sometimes with less
segments than above; males often with rudimentary wings or
wingless............non-Torymidae, Agaonidae
40a. Groove between mesopleuron and metapleuron
strongly sinuate (Fig. A), so that metapleuron forms a distinct
lobe; in Australian species antennae always with 1 anellus and 7
funicular segments ..................................
................................................................................................................................Torymidae (Toryminae)
40b. Groove between mesopleuron and metapleuron
almost straight or slightly curved (Fig. A); antennae with 1-2
anelli (Australian
species)...........................................................................................................................41
41a. Knob of stigmal vein unusually enlarged
(Figs. A-D), which makes the vein distinctly longer than breadth of
costal cell; body often somewhat yellow (rarely metallic), thorax
with rather sparse and usually outstanding
conspicuous hairs, always without short normal
pilosity................................Torymidae (Megastigminae)
41b. Stigmal vein much shorter than previously
described, stigma not, or slightly knobbed (Figs. A-B); head and
thorax always metallic of submetallic (Australian species), only
gaster rarely somewhat yellowish or red;
pilosity on thorax usually dense and short, not outstanding....................Torymidae (Monodontomerinae)
42a. Stigmal vein arising at almost right angel
(Figs. A-B) and longer than postmarginal vein (dwarfed %%
sometimes brachypterous); body not metallic, usually yellowish or
blackish, thorax along median line
almost smooth and bare except for paired setae (rarely more setae
sublaterally), including rare shortwinged
forms; oral fossa on back of head strongly constricted or separated
from foramen magnum by postgenal
bridge (as in Fig. C); [tarsi sometimes with 4 segments; antenna
sometimes with one anellus, number of
segments
variable].......................................................non-Pteromalidae,
Agaonidae (Epichrysomallinae).
42b. Stigmal vein at acute angle or, if
rarely approaching right angle (e.g., some Ormocerinae), then stigmal vein
shorter than postmarginal and thorax dorsally with distinct
sculpture and extensive pilosity present even in
median line; back of head usually broadly open between oral fossa
and foramen magnum; mostly quite
different from that previously described; winged or
wingless....................................................................43
43a. Antennal radicula about 4X as long as
broad (Fig. A), sockets wide apart but close to mouth, antennal
formula 1125(3); face collapsing so that eyes come close together;
body and appendages very slender,
ovipositor long; marginal vein at least 8X as long as the very
short stigmal vein, but postmarginal vein long
(Fig. B).................
..........................................................................................Pteromalidae (Louriciinae)
43b. Radicula hardly ever longer than broad
(exceptionally 2X so in Storeya), antennae different, also body and
venation
different........................................................................................................................................44
44a. Antennal toruli situated on lower margin
of head (Fig. A-B), overhanging the mouth; antenna 1171, (= with 7
funicular segments but no anellus); head prognathous or
subprognathous; abdomen on distinct petiole;
marginal vein very long, stigmal and postmarginal veins
short.................................................................45
44b. Toruli located at least slightly above
mouth margin; antennal formula usually different or venation
different......................................................................................................................................................46
45a. Body mainly yellowish; head and thorax
almost smooth; scutellum with fine out-curving sublateral lines; disc
of fore wing convex and almost bare, at parastigma a group or tuft
of black scales (Fig. A); frons without
median groove.....................
.............................................................................Pteromalidae (Storeyinae)
45b. Body black or slightly metallic; at least
thorax with some distinct punctures or rugosity, often also head;
scutellum without sublateral lines but often with punctate frenal
line (Fig. A); fore wing disc flat,
pubescent, without a tuft of scales; (frons with median punctured
groove).............................................
..........................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae)
46a. Head subprognathous or globose (Figs.
A-B), with large ridge or tooth between antennae, and with strong
occipital carina; body and antennae shiny, latter without anelli
(one exception: Fig. C); wings, if not
reduced, without conspicuous pilosity but with fine long marginal
fringe, sometimes with a tuft at
parastigma, marginal vein fairly long but postmarginal and stigmal
veins short; [body yellowish to
blackish, rarely with metallic
gloss]...........................................................Pteromalidae (Cerocephalinae)
46b. Head either quite different, most
orthognathous, (= with mouth directed ventrad), or antennae and wings
different from
previous...............................................................................................................................47
47a. Antennae with not more than one anellus
and at least 12 segments (as in Fig. A, clava counted as 3);
sometimes proximal flagellar segments gradually, even strongly
shortened, almost ring-like, but otherwise
not different from distal ones (Figs. B-D)
................................................................................................48
47b. Antennae either with at least 2 true anelli (anelli clearly different from
larger following segments which bear
sensilla), or with fewer
than 12 segments (clava sometimes undivided but counted as 3 segments) .......72
48a. Head subcubical and with toothed
parascrobal crests (Fig. A); pronotum in dorsal view about 2X as long as
broad, also petiole, legs and wings unusually long and slender
(Fig. B); ovipositor protruding, long;
antennae with 13 segments, without
anellus...............................................Pteromalidae (Leptofoeninae)
48b. Head transverse and mostly without toothed
parascrobal crests, or other characters at least partly different
than previous..............................................................................................................................................49
49a. Pronotum large and subconical, collar not
delimited by an edge (e.g., Figs. A-B) or, if
only moderately large
then with distinct median line on sloping collum (e.g., Fig. C) and
inner eye margins strongly diverging in
lower half (Fig. D); thorax dorsally densely punctured and pilose;
scutellum regularly densely pilose but
without outstanding longer bristles; [fore or hind femora, or both,
often distinctly thickened] ...............50
49b. Pronotum short or, if large (rarely), then with collar anteriorly delimited by
transverse edge, always without
median line, inner orbits not unusually diverging in lower half;
thorax mostly with different sculpture;
scutellum often posteriorly with 2 frenal bristles, sometimes with
additional pairs of conspicuous setae
anteriorly.....................................................................................................................................................55
50a. Scutellum with distinct, though sometimes
fine, sublateral grooves (Fig. A); inner orbits often parallel;
antennal formula mostly 11173; ovipositor
protruding...................Pteromalidae (Colotrechninae) (part).
50b. Scutellum without sublateral grooves;
otherwise also partly
different...........................................................51
51a. Propodeum medially short, with deep
petiolar emargination in form of an inverted V or a gothic arch (Fig.
A); petiole long-subconical to pear-shaped, round in cross section,
with some thin long hairs but without
carinae or coarse sculpture; body with unusually long but not thick
pilosity; femora slender; ovipositor
protruding (Fig. B)
............................................................................................Pteromalidae (Nefoeninae)
51b. Propodeum without deep petiolar
emargination; petiole, if rarely evident, of quite different form and bare;
body without long sparse hairs; femora often thickened; ovipositor
protruding or not..............................52
52a. Males only: Head with distinct occipital carina; (back
of head with hypostomal areas meeting below
foramen); hind coxa fairly large; forewing with marginal vein very
long but the stigmal short or unusually
knobbed
(see Fig.
A).......................................................................................non-Pteromalidae,
Torymidae
52b. Males & Females: Occipital carina
indistinct...............................................................................................53
53a. Scutellum with frenal groove and this
bearing on either side a conspicuous long bristle (Fig. A)
......................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae)
53b. Scutellum without distinct frenal line,
without frenal
bristles.......................................................................54
54a. Pronotum dorsally rounded or at least
without transverse edge, medially often with smooth strip or raised
longitudinal line; hind margin only moderately emarginate; thorax
usually punctured
......................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae)
54b. Pronotum with collar dorsally separated by
an edge (Fig. A), sloping collum medially without any line, hind
margin rather deeply emarginate; thorax sculpture irregularly
rugulose but with rather dense pilosity
...............................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Ditropinotellinae)
55a. Notauli incomplete and wide apart;
marginal vein widened in basal part (Fig. A); dorsum of thorax reticulate,
almost bare, without bristles; female antennae 11173
.................................Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae)
55b. Notauli mostly clearly complete, if incomplete (some Diparinae and
Coelocybinae, also Eunotopsia) then
marginal vein not widened in basal half,
etc..............................................................................................56
56a. Second tergite of petiolate abdomen very large,
covering most of dorsum, dorsally somewhat fused with the
1st tergite; head with no temple (Fig. A), gena posteriorly
produced into a lamina; antenna strongly clavate,
all preclaval segments of flagellum very transverse; scutellum
anteriorly with 2 deep pits......Pteromalidae
(Asaphinae)
56b. Second tergite never covering most of
gaster; gaster often sessile; temple and antenna different; scutellum
without double deep pit at base..................................................................................................................57
57a. First tergite greatly enlarged, convex,
non-collapsing (Figs. A-B), covering more than 1/3rd (often much
more, but only 1/4th in male Austrosystasis) of abdomen;
antennal sockets usually close to each other;
often not
metallic.......................................................................................................................................58
57b. First tergite never bell-shaped, not so
convex and large; if covering over 1/3rd of abdomen then either itself
collapsing
from base or whole abdomen dorsally caving in; antennal sockets usually rather
wide apart..............62
58a. Antennae with 13 segments; hind coxa
inserted unusually high (Figs. A-B), its outer face often with
transverse sculpture; brachypterous or wingless && common; either vertex and/or thorax dorsally with
paired dark bristles and gena posteriorly rounded, or bristles absent (Fig. C) and then
gena carinate in
lower part, in latter case antenna long,
11173...................................................Pteromalidae (Diparinae)
58b. Antennae with 12 segments, with 1 anellus and
6 funicular segments; gena posteriorly mostly carinate....59
59a. Thorax with coarse and deep piliferous
punctuation, hairs not placed on papillae (Fig. A); abdomen
subsessile, somewhat compressed laterally, high, eurytomid-like,
1st tergite reduced on sides; hind coxa
long, inserted high............................
......................................................Pteromalidae (Austrosystasinae)
59b. Thorax mostly with much finer or sparse
sculpture or, if densely pilose then hairs arising from elevated
papillae (in Herbertia); hind coxae not inserted very
high.........................................................................60
60a. Petiole long, with longitudinal ribs;
pronotum fairly large, transverse; clypeal margin arcuately produced,
mandibles long and curved, teeth
2:3................................. .........East Asiatic Pteromalidae (Elatoidinae)
60b. Petiole transverse, often concealed;
pronotum short; clypeal margin not produced; mandibles short,
different......................................................................................................................................................61
61a. First tergite with longitudinal striae;
head and thorax dorsally often with paired bristles (Fig. A); postmarginal
vein shorter than stigmal, or even absent
.....................................................Pteromalidae (Erotolepsiinae)
61b. First tergite without distinct
longitudinal striae; head including large eyes, thorax dorsally and wings
regularly densely pilose, never with paired bristles (Fig. A);
postmarginal vein much longer than
stigmal............................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Herbertiinae)
62a. Scapula produced backwards outside the
rectangular outer corner of axilla, axilla fully 2X as long as broad;
mid tarsus with 4 segments, unusually long (Fig. A), first segment
as long as rest; prepectus unusually
small...........................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Macromesinae)
62b. Scapula not produced backwards outside of
axilla, latter mostly much shorter; all tarsi with 5 segments,
shorter; prepectus usually larger,
different................................................................................................63
63a. Scutellum with conspicuous paired
bristles, at least 2 frenal ones present in posterior corners (Figs. A-B),
often with additional pairs on scutellum or even posteriorly on
scutum; antennae inserted low on face,
sockets rather far apart (Fig. C); body most not
metallic..........................................................................64
63b. Scutellum without any pairs of conspicuous
bristles, thorax generally either with rather regular pilosity or
almost bare; in other respects also partly
different....................................................................................65
64a. Fore wing densely pubescent, even basally;
marginal vein very long (Fig. A), about 5X as long as the
stigmal, latter with long uncus; propodeum with long hairs which
medially converge towards median line;
antennae with 6 subequal funicular segments and one (often
indistinct) anellus; hind margin of 1st tergite
usually bent down; abdomen sometimes petiolate; hind tibial spur
very small.........................
................................................................................................................non-Pteromalidae,
Tetracampidae
64b. Fore wing somewhat bare in basal 1/3rd (in
regional species); marginal vein relatively much shorter, mostly
much less than 4X as long as the stigmal, stigmal uncus short;
propodeum extensively bare; antennae
different, often clavate with basal or all flagellar segments
shortened (e.g., Fig. A); hind margin of 1st
tergite flat; abdomen sessile; hind tibial spurs often strong........................Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae)
65a. Occipital carina distinctly
developed..............................................................................................................66
65b. Occipital carina
absent....................................................................................................................................68
66a. Axillae strongly advanced (Fig. A); gaster
subsessile; base of short stigmal vein thickened, postmarginal vein
hardly as long as stigmal (Fig. B); gena posteriorly finely
carinate...........Pteromalidae (Parasaphodinae)
66b. Axillae not or only slightly advanced;
abdomen usually different, also venation different............................67
67a. Abdomen almost sessile; pronotum long,
cubical, with edged collar (Fig. A), fully as long as mesoscutum,
dull with transverse rugose punctuation; gena broadly rounded;
mesopleuron with reticulate depression
similar to that of Pteromalinae
.........................................................................Pteromalidae (Keiraninae)
67b. Abdomen petiolate, petiole with
longitudinal ribs (Fig. A); pronotum transverse, anteriorly rounded; gena
posteriorly usually carinate; mesopleuron with large peculiar pits
(Fig. B)......Pteromalidae (Asaphinae)
68a. Pronotum broad, subrectangular (Figs.
A-B), shiny, even if densely punctured, often anteriorly carinate;
clypeus very broad, lower margin somewhat produced but antennae at
center of face; mandibles long,
crescentric, 2-toothed (Fig. C); mouth corners angular, with malar
depression, mouth margin in corners
carinate; antennae 11173, clava symmetric; abdomen short, often on
sculptured petiole; [thorax often
shiny, axillae close to each other
medially]..............non-Pteromalidae, Perilampidae (Chrysolampinae).
68b. Pronotum mostly different, or, if subrectangular then dull with dense
sculpture (Ditropinotella, Fig. A);
clypeus not broad, not produced; mouth corners emarginate, not
angular, not conspicuously carinate; at
least right mandible with 3 teeth; abdomen almost always
sessile...............................................................69
69a. Pronotum with collar edge or carina, hind
margin deeply emarginate, sides rather long; thorax densely
punctured and pilose, interstices densely rugulose-reticulate;
propodeum with median carina and extensive
pilosity; [in && hypopygium ending near apex and often sheaths protruding and
upturned (Fig.
A)].............................
............................................................................Pteromalidae (Ditropinotellinae)
69b. Pronotum rounded dorsally, different; if
thorax sometimes similar to previously described, then propodeum
not extensively
pilose..................................................................................................................................70
70a. Males only: Antennae with tiny indistinct anellus, 7
funicular and 2 claval segments; mandibles with 4 teeth;
notauli complete and deep, thorax rather shiny...................
......................................Pireninae (rare forms).
70b. Females or if Males then clava 3-segmented or undivided, mandibles
different, in other respects also partly
different......................................................................................................................................................71
71a. Males only: Head and thorax usually dull metallic,
densely hairy and with regular punctured-rugulose
sculpture; antennae mostly 11173, or clava undivided, rarely
funicle shortened (some Anastatus);
propodeum mostly with fine median carina; axillae distinctly
separated by short but truncate base of
scutellum; mid tibial spur usually enlarged, longer than spur of
hind tibia...................................
......................................................................................non-Pteromalidae,
Eupelmidae (%% Eupelminae).
71b. Males & Females: Thorax usually not metallic, sculpture
either transversely rugulose or rather fine, pilosity
rather sparse, often very sparse; propodeum often without median
carina; axillae usually close to each
other; mid tibial spur not enlarged ..............................................................Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae)
72a. Antennae with 12-13 segments including at
least 2 anelli (sometimes 3-4); notauli complete orincomplete..73
72b. Antennae with fewer than 12 segments and
often with only 1 anellus; notauli always complete.................79
73a. Scutellum in dorsal view with distinct
sublateral grooves or lines which posteriorly mostly curve outwards
(Fig. A); if grooves are
placed more towards sides, then antennae with 4 short anelli; [axillae often
advanced; notauli complete or incomplete]
..............................................Pteromalidae (Colotrechninae)
73b. Scutellum mostly without sublateral lines
of, if such lines are visible on sloping sides then they are straight
and/or incomplete (e.g., Figs. A-C); antennae with 2-3 short
anelli, or segments after 2nd anellus short but
gradually increasing in
size.........................................................................................................................74
74a. Scutellum posteriorly with a pair of
conspicuous bristles, at lateral ends of frenal line (Fig. A), its sculpture
never raised-reticulate; body mostly without metallic tinge;
[antennae with 13 segments, often clavate and
short, with
several or most segments after pedicel transverse, clava often
asymmetric..........
...................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae)
74b. Scutellum without frenal bristles, or if
with 2 stronger hairs posteriorly then whole scutellum has raised-
reticulate sculpture and/or metallic
hue.......................................................................................................75
75a. Antennae inserted in lower 1/3rd of face,
very rarely with 13 segments, usually 11-12 segments, with 1-2,
mostly very small, anelli (Fig. A); mandibles with 4 teeth; clypeus
conspicuous, convex, its sides
converging, lower margin produced (as in Fig. B), even in forms
with 13-segmented antennae
.............................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Pireninae)
75b. Antennae mostly inserted near to or even
above center of face, but if below
center than with 13 segments,
with 2-3 anelli (very rarely more segments anelliform); clypeus
always different from previously
described.....................................................................................................................................................76
76a. Axillar grooves anteriorly somewhat
meeting (Figs. A-B) so that scutellum does not reach or only narrowly
reaches mesoscutum; body without regular reticulation, mostly
regulose, without metallic hue; abdomen
sessile; propodeal spiracles mostly unusually large; antennae with
12-13 segments...............Pteromalidae
(Ormocerinae) (part)
76b. Axillar grooves wide apart so that
scutellum broadly borders on mesoscutum; most other aspects also
different.......................................................................................................................................................77
77a. Antennae with 12 segments, with 2 distinct
anelli and 5 funicular segments (Fig. A); clypeus subrectangular,
flat, not produced, dorsally with deep tentorial pits; notauli very
deep, complete; abdomen sessile
............................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) (part)
77b. Antennae different, with 13 segments,
mostly with 2-3 anelli; clypeus mostly different from previous; notauli
often incomplete; thorax usually with raised reticulation; abdomen
often petiolate..................................78
78a. Clypeal margin with deep median incision
and asymmetric teeth (Figs. A-B);
antennae inserted below ocular
line; notauli (in regional species) complete but posteriorly often
very shallow; propodeum convex in
median 1/3rd, mostly with indicated carina; marginal vein
slender.........Pteromalidae (Miscogasterinae)
78b. Clypeal margin symmetric, with or without
teeth; antennae only rarely inserted below ocular line; mostly
some of other characters also different..................
.................................Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae
and
some Miscogasterinae)
79a. Gena posteriorly carinate (exceptionally
only with angulate edge, in Scutellista); between pedicel and clava
only 4 (mainly %%) or 5 segments (most &&) first of which may be shortened, anelliform (as in Fig. A);
thorax pilosity mostly replaced by distinct and sparse bristles
(Fig. B), rarely uniformly pilose (Scutellista,
Fig. 644); clypeal margin not produced..............................................................Pteromalidae (Eunotinae)
79b. Gena without carina or edge; antennae
different; either 2 or more rounded, segments anelliform or with at
least 6 segments between pedicel and clava (Figs. A-B); thorax
always without strong bristles; clypeal
margin mostly
produced.............................................................................................................................80
80a. Pronotum large, subrectangular, with
subparallel sides, anteriorly carinate or rounded (Figs. A-B); antennae
always with 6 segments between pedicel and clava, 1st segment
sometimes anelliform; clava asymmetric
owing to a collapsing area of micropilosity; face shiny; [abdomen
hardly ever collapsing, mostly strongly
convex, often with produced
ovipositor]...........................................Pteromalidae (Chromeurytominae)
80b. Pronotum at least medio-dorsally very
short and usually rounded, rarely collar separated by blunt edge or
carina (Figs. A-B), but then it is less than 1/6th the length of
mesoscutum; antenna with 1 small anellus and
often 5 (&&) of 6 funicular segments (%%), or funicular segments
reduced in number and size (Figs. C-D),
in extremes only 2 short segments between pedicel and clava, latter
mostly symmetric
.............................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (Pireninae)
81a. Mesoscutum with notauli incomplete, in posterior
1/2 or 1/3rd not present or hardly distinct, or transformed
to broad depressions (Figs.
A-B)................................................................................................................82
81b. Notauli clearly visible, complete (Figs.
A-C), virtually reaching the trans-scutal suture (rarely with shallow
interruption before middle as in Fig.
D).....................................................................................................83
82a. Scutellum with at least 2 pairs of setae
(Figs. A-C), in some species with additional pilosity; submarginal vein
with at least 4 dorsal bristles and distally not strongly tapering,
mostly continuous with the parastigma
(Figs. D-E); stigmal vein usually moderately long and in most forms
postmarginal vein distinct, often
longer than
stigmal...................................................................................Eulophidae (Eulophinae) (part)
82b. Scutellum with 1 pair of setae only (in
Australasian forms except Parahorismenus, Fig. A) and no other
pilosity (Figs. B-C); submarginal vein with only 2 dorsal bristles,
rarely with only one (Figs. B, D-E)
[some Neotropical genera have more than 2 bristles on submarginal
vein], the vein strongly tapering at
apex, not smoothly joining
the parastigma; stigmal vein always very short, the postmarginal usually still
shorter (rarely longer) than the
stigmal..............................................................Eulophidae (Entedoninae)
83a. Axillae strongly angulately advanced along
hind portion of the straight, groove-like notauli (Figs. A-C) or, if
axillae only moderately advanced (Figs. D), then anterior pair of 4
setae on scutellum near to middle or
behind middle of sclerite, scutum and scutellum with delicate
sculpture, shiny; scutellum mostly with
almost parallel submedian grooves (Figs. A-B); submarginal vein
usually not smoothly continuous with
parastigma (Fig. E), postmarginal vein
mostlyrudimentary.............................Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae)
83b. Axillae not angulately advanced or, if approaching that condition (some Cirrospilus
and related forms) then
scutum and scutellum mostly with dense deep reticulation and
anterior setae of scutellum situated in
anterior 1/3rd; submarginal vein often continuous with parastigma
and postmarginal vein distinct
....................................................................................................................................................................84
84a. Submarginal vein dorsally with 2 bristles
(rarely only 1; Figs. A-B) and scutellum with only 1 pair of setae;
upper face usually with linear grooves of slightly modified
X-shape; notaular grooves anteriorly abruptly
directed sideways and before the bend at least shortly interrupted;
fully winged......................................
........................................................................................Eulophidae (Entedoninae) (few aberrant forms).
84b. Submarginal vein usually with more dorsal
bristles, but if with only 1-2, then
scutellum with 2 pairs of setae;
upper face different; rarely brachypterous
..................................................................................................85
85a. Submarginal vein at distal end smoothly
curving into parastigma (Fig. A); notauli either
almost straight
posteriorly and then axillae not or only moderately advanced (Fig.
B), or notauli curving out to meet
the
advanced axillae (Fig. C); postmarginal vein mostly longer than,
rarely only as long as, the stigmal;
scutellum often with sublateral grooves which anteriorly join
axillar grooves; tergites 7 & 8 not separated
dorsally.......................................................................................................Eulophidae (Eulophinae) (part).
85b. Submarginal vein tapering to apex, not
continuous with parastigma (Figs. A-B), or if
condition similar to that
described previously, then notauli posteriorly straight and deep
but scutellum without sublateral grooves
(Fig. C) and & abdomen with tergite 7 dorsally separated from tergite
8...................................................86
86a. Scutellum in dorsal view entire, without
longitudinal grooves, axillulae on its sides separated by a depression
which is not visible dorsally (Fig. A); female gaster with 2
tergites after the (spiracle-bearing) 6th, these
loose or only partly fused (Fig. 1153); postmarginal vein distinct although
sometimes short (Fig. B); male
scape without a
plaque............................................................................................Eulophidae (Euderinae)
86b. Scutellum with 2-4 longitudinal grooves,
lateral ones, separating axillulae, mostly delimited by an outside
carina visible in dorsal view (Fig. A), even if submedian grooves
are absent; female abdomen with last 2
tergites fused (epipygium; Fig. B); postmarginal vein usually
rudimentary; male scape often with
longitudinal plaque on ventral edge (Figs.
C-E).............................................Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae)
REFERENCES:
Bouček,
Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of
Fourteen
Families, with a Reclassification of
Species. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, England. 832 p.
Grandi,
G. 1952. Insetti dei fichi messicani, malesi ed australiani. Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna 19: 47-67.