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[For teaching purposes only; do not review, quote or abstract]

Key to Families of Northwestern European Chalcidoidea

Palearctic Area:

(derived from Graham, 1969 by E. F. Legner)

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[This key is in a form commonly used in North America. If the statement is true, proceed to the designated couplet,

whereas if it is false, go to "b" portion of the couplet. Numbers in parentheses refer to previous couplet read].

[Please refer to <Guide> for illustrations (Powerful connections use <Guide-2>)]

1a. Petiole of abdomen composed of 2 segments, each of which is longer than broad, while both together are as

long as the rest of abdomen (Mymaromma) .............................................................................Mymaridae (part).

1b. Either abdomen has a petiole composed of one segment, which is sometimes inconspicuous, or it is

sessile......................................................................................................................................................................2

2a (1). Head (Fig. A) with antennal toruli much nearer to eyes than to each other, and separated by not more than

their own diam. from eyes; frons with an impressed transverse (= at right angles to longitudinal axis) straight line

just above the antennal toruli; from the ends of this line 2 other pairs of lines extend along the orbits on to the

vertex and face, respectively; nearly always macropterous, with hind wing (Fig. B) having a basal stalk which is

composed solely of the submarginal vein, the wing lamina not extending to its base; wing beyond the hamuli

nearly always linear with its front and hind edges subparallel; fore wing (Fig. B) venation characteristic:

marginal vein relatively short, stigmal rudimentary, the tip of latter mostly situated before middle of wing, rarely

beyond it; antennae without true ring segments (= anelli); tarsi with 4-5 segments; body not metallic.Mymaridae

2b. Antennal toruli rarely nearer to eyes than to each other, if so then frons lacks impressed lines running along

orbits and the transverse line, if present, is usually not straight, while the structure of the fore and hind wings is

different; the antennae usually have one or more ring segments; body often metallic; tarsi sometimes with only 3

segments.................................................................................................................................................................3

3a (2). Apterous forms, or brachypterous forms having wings shortened, rudimentary, or (occasionally)

represented by narrow filaments.............................................................................................................................4

3b. Forms having wings, except very rarely hind wings, fully developed, sometimes narrow but never

filamentous...........................................................................................................................................................10

4a (3). Males only: Species associated with figs (Ficus spp.); body and appendages often very aberrant in

structure; apterous, or with wings represented by filaments; tarsi often heteromerous (= 3 pairs of tarsi differ in

No. segments); ocelli usually absent....................................Agaonidae and some Torymidae (Sychophaginae).

4b. Males & Females: Species not associated with figs...........................................................................................5

5a (4). Tarsi with 3 segments; small to minute species, 0.3 to 1.4 mm.; antennae with only 5-8 segments and

usually very short......................Trichogrammatidae (part)

5b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; species often larger; antennae often with a greater number of segments....................6

6a (5). Tarsi with 4 segments........................................................................................................Eulophidae (part)

6b. Tarsi with 5 segments........................................................................................................................................7

7a (6). Mid coxae inserted at or slightly in front of middle of mesepisternum (Fig. A); mid tarsi thickened

proximally, tapering distally, their first segment, and often some of following segments, with a double row of

short thick spines beneath; mesepisternum (Fig. A) convex, without femoral groove................Encyrtidae (part)

7b. Mid coxae inserted at or near hind end of mesepisternum; mid tarsi with or without short thick spines beneath;

mesepisternum with or without femoral groove....................................................................................................8

8a (7). Mid tarsi thickened proximally, tapering distad, their 1st segment, and often some of following segments,

with double row of short thick spines beneath; mesepisternum (Fig. A) convex, without true femoral groove,

though separated from mesosternum by an impressed line or suture; mid coxae ventrally with a membranous area

(Fig. B, membr.) at their bases...................................................................................................Eupelmidae (part)

8b. Mid tarsi not thus thickened, without double row of short thick spines beneath; mesepisternum, except in a few

Aphelinidae, not evenly convex, but having a femoral groove; mid coxae ventrally touching trochantinal lobes,

without membranous area at their bases.................................................................................................................9

9a (8). Antennae with 6-8 segments; pronotum not large, shorter than mesoscutum...................Aphelinidae (part)

9b. Either antennae with 11-13 segments; or else pronotum large, longer than mesoscutum..................................

...........................................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (part) 47

10a (3). Females only: Tarsi heteromerous, fore and hind tarsi with 5 segments, mid tarsi with 4 segments........11

10b. Males & Females: Tarsi not heteromerous.....................................................................................................12

11a (10). Antennae with 12-13 segments; fore wing (Fig. A) with postmarginal and stigmal veins well developed;

moderately sized species, length 2.0 to 3.5 mm. (Macromesus only)...........................................Pteromalidae 47

11b. Antennae with 8 segments; fore wing: postmarginal vein absent or rudimentary, stigmal short (much as in

Fig. A); minute species, length 0.5 to 0.8 mm. (some Encarsia) ..........................................................Aphelinidae

12a (10). Tarsi with 3 segments; small to minute species, length 0.3 to 1.4 mm; antennae with only 5-8 segments

and usually very short; hairs of fore wing often in longitudinal lines .........................Trichogrammatidae (part)

12b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; species often larger; antennae often with a greater number of segments; hairs of fore

wing rarely arranged in longitudinal lines.............................................................................................................13

13a (12). Tarsi with 4 segments...............................................................................................................................42

13b. Tarsi with 5 segments......................................................................................................................................14

14a (13). Mid coxae (Fig. A) inserted about level with middle of mesepisternum, or even anterior to this, the

mesosternum being very short; mesepisternum enlarged and lat least partly covers mesepimeron, convex, without

femoral groove; mid tibiae with very thick apical spur; mid tarsi thickened proximally, at least their 1st segment

with 2 rows of short stout spines beneath; notauli usually absent, occasionally present or even complete but in

such cases very superficial; metapleuron often very narrow or invisible; last tergite of abdomen often somewhat

V-shaped..................................................................................................................................................Encyrtidae

14b. Mid coxae (Figs. A-G) inserted behind level of middle of mesepisternum; mesepisternum, except in most &&

and some %% Eupelmidae, and a few aberrant species of other families, neither enlarged nor evenly convex, but

having a femoral groove; mid tibial spur and mid tarsi, except in most Eupelmidae, not thus modified .............15

15a (14). Mid tarsi thickened proximally and tapering distally, their 1st segment, and usually some of the

following segments, with 2 rows of short stout spines beneath; mid coxae separated from trochantinal lobes of

mesosternum by a membranous area (Fig. A, membr.) which allows the coxae to swing directly forward; spur of

mid tibia thick; mesepisternum (except in Oodera) greatly enlarged, evenly convex and without femoral groove,

though separated from mesosternum by a linear suture (Fig. B); pronotum often divided longitudinally down

middle by a groove, a membranous line, or a carina; postspiracular sclerite (Fig. B) often longer than high,

tending to be convex, sometimes free ventrally and overlapping mesepisternum somewhat; propodeum almost

always shorter medially than at sides, sometimes absent medially; its hind margin being deeply, almost

semicircularly, excised; antennae of && mostly with one ring segment, 7 funicular segments and a solid 3-

segmented clava ...................................................................................................................................Eupelmidae

15b. Mid tarsi not modified as in previous; mid coxae without a membranous area ventrally and not capable of

being swung directly forwards; spur of mid tibia rarely so thick; mesepisternum nearly always with a femoral

groove extending from base of mid coxa towards base of fore wing; pronotum, except in some exotic

Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae), not divided longitudinally; postspiracular sclerite not free ventrally, nearly always

as high or higher than broad, usually flat, or somewhat concave with its upper and hind margins slightly raised;

propodeum usually not shorter, but often longer, medially than at the sides........................................................16

16a (15). Postspiracular sclerite (Fig. A) lying in the same plane as, and fused with, the lateral part of pronotum;

the latter is rigidly coadapted to the mesepisternum; thorax in profile (Fig. A) short and high; abdomen often

with only 1-2 tergites visible in dorsal view; notauli complete.............................................................................17

16b. Postspiracular sclerite [absent in a very few species] not lying in the same plane as, and not fused with, the

lateral part of pronotum; the latter can usually swing forwards away from the mesothorax; thorax sometimes

otherwise in shape; abdomen mostly with more than 2 tergites visible in dorsal view.........................................18

17a (16). Pronotum not visible from above, being hidden by mesoscutum which is strongly convex, or protuberant

anteriorly; mandibles nearly always sickle-shaped, in a few species very short, straight and hanging down

vertically; in these species the antennal scape is shorter than the 1st funicular segment and hardly longer than

broad, while the head is narrower than the thorax; petiole of abdomen longer, often very much longer, than

broad, often as long as the rest of abdomen; 3rd abdominal tergite usually covers the rest in dorsal view; fore

wing (Fig. A): stigmal vein usually directed at about a right angle relative to the costal edge, sometimes slightly

oblique; head in front view usually somewhat triangular; antennae very variable in form: most often without

ring segments or with only one, usually with 7-8 funicular segments; flagellum in %% often with branches;

scutellum in exotic species often with bizarre processes ....................................................................Eucharitidae

17b. Pronotum clearly visible in dorsal view of thorax; mandibles not sickle-shaped; antennal scape considerably

longer than the 1st funicular segment, and much longer than broad; petiole very short and transverse; dorsal

surface of abdomen often occupied wholly or nearly wholly by the connate 3rd and 4th abdominal tergites; fore

wing: stigmal vein oblique; head in front view not triangular; antennal formula usually 1173, sometimes 11171;

flagellum without branches; scutellum without, or with at most short, teeth or processes..................Perilampidae

18a (16). Females only: Mandible with proximal appendage lying against the underside of head and transversely

ridged, these ridges sometimes appearing like serrations; 3rd or 4th segment of antenna often with a process or

appendage; species associated with figs (Ficus spp.); the only species found in Europe is Blastophaga psenes (L.)

which occurs in southwestern Europe, Asia and Africa..........................................................................Agaonidae

18b. Males & Females: Mandibles without such an appendage; 3rd and 4th segments of && antenna without

processes; species, except some Torymidae and Eurytomidae, not associated with figs......................................19

19a (18). Species associated with figs (Ficus spp.); in Europe only Philotrypesis caricae (Westwood), found in

southwestern Europe, Asia and Africa; female has the last 2 gastral segment much lengthened to form a half

cylinder which covers about the proximal 1/3rd of the ovipositor sheaths, the latter much longer than the body;

spiracles of propodeum placed about midway between the front and hind margins of the sclerite

(Sycophaginae)...........................................................................................................................Torymidae (part)

19b. Species not associated with figs; apical segments of && abdomen rarely thus lengthened, if so then the

propodeal spiracles are close to the hind margin of metanotum...........................................................................20

20a (19). Females only: Last tergite of abdomen (9th abdominal) (Fig. A) emarginate posteriorly, with a small

articulated flap (epipygium, ep.) in the arc of the emargination; cerci [= pygostyles (p.): pair of small, latral

hairy processes] attached very near to or at the hind margin of the tergite, and tending to be longer than thick;

ovipositor sheaths somewhat exserted, their exserted portion usually equalling at least 1/3rd the length of hind

tibia, sometimes longer than the whole body; sheaths often transversely striate; anterior margin of metapleuron

(Fig. B) often sinuate ..............................................................................................................................Torymidae

20b. Males & Females: Last tergite of abdomen (9th abdominal) (Fig. A-J) normally triangular and not

emarginate posteriorly, without an articulated epipygial flap, its apex resting on the ovipositor sheaths, and its

cerci somewhat less distant from its hind margin; cerci rarely longer than thick, sometimes placoid; in some

Pteromalidae (Ormocerini) the last tergite is turned up, away from the ovipositor sheaths, and the cerci (Fig. A)

are attached to its hind margin; but these species have no articulated epipygial flap; ovipositor sheaths seldom far

exserted, if so then they are reticulate, longitudinally aciculate, or smooth; anterior margin of metapleuron

straight or evenly curved, except in some %% Torymidae...................................................................................21

21a (20). Hind femora strongly swollen, only 1.5-3X as long as broad, their ventral edge armed with teeth or

somewhat serrated; hind tibiae usually conspicuously curved, their apices sometimes obliquely truncate;

antennae most often with one ring segment and 7 funicular segments, or without ring segments and with 8

funicular segments; head and dorsum of thorax most often with strong, and sometimes dense, umbilicate hairy

punctures; pronotum often large and subrectangular...........................................................................................22

21b. Hind femora rarely so strongly swollen, if so then having their ventral edge unarmed; hind tibiae at most

slightly curved, their apices not obliquely truncate; antennal formula often other than previously noted; head and

dorsum of thorax very often without conspicuous hairy punctures; pronotum often shorter, or shaped differently

.............................................................................................................................................................................25

22a (21). Postspiracular sclerite usually invisible or (Fig. A) forming only a small or narrow plate near the tegula,

if rather larger (some Leucospidae) then the tegula nearly touches the pronotum; mesopleuron narrowing

ventrad, mesepimeron absent or indistinctly defined because of coarse sculpture; body most often black,

sometimes with white, yellow or red markings, rarely metallic; antennae with one ring segment and 7 funicular

segments, or without ring segments but with 8 funicular segments .....................................................................23

22b. Postspiracular sclerite (Figs. A-D) larger and extending far ventrad; tegula usually separated from pronotum

by at least its own length; mesopleuron usually distinctly divided into a mesepisternum and epimeron; body very

often metallic, if not metallic then the antennal formula is usually different from that previously noted............24

23a (22). Tegulae relatively short, up to 2X, but rarely more than 1.5X as long as broad, their front edge distinctly

separated from pronotum; marginal vein of fore wing at least slightly longer than stigmal, postmarginal usually

not longer than marginal and sometimes very short or rudimentary; axillae separated by at most their own width;

glossa not elongated, not or hardly projecting below mandibles; femoral groove extends far up the

mesepisternum (Fig. A); notauli mostly complete and moderately deep, occasionally superficial posteriorly;

female ovipositor not recurved over dorsum of abdomen, the latter without a dorsal groove or ridge..Chalcididae

23b. Tegulae (Fig. 19) elongated, 2.5-3.5X as long as broad, reaching or nearly reaching pronotum; marginal vein

of fore wing short, at most 3X as long as thick, sometimes nearly punctiform, not longer than stigmal vein,

postmarginal vein very long; axillae (Fig. A) very small and widely separated, often not distinctly marked off from

scutellum; glossa somewhat elongated, projecting below mandibles; femoral groove shorter, extending barely

2/3rds up the mesepisternum; notauli usually absent, sometimes weakly indicated anteriorly; && ovipositor in

most species recurved and often lying in a groove along the dorsum of abdomen, if ovipositor is normal then the

dorsum of the gaster is convex and hard, with a median longitudinal line or ridge (Fig. B) .............Leucospidae

24a (22). Inner orbits of eyes diverge at most slightly ventrad; antennae inserted at least slightly above level of

ventral edge of eyes; postspiracular sclerite, sometimes also the metapleuron, bare; postmarginal vein of fore

wing shorter than marginal, sometimes hardly longer than the short stigmal vein.......................Torymidae (part)

24b. Inner orbits of eyes diverge strongly ventrad; antennae inserted distinctly, often far, below level of ventral

edge of eyes; postspiracular sclerite and metapleuron usually somewhat hairy; postmarginal vein of fore wing

usually as long or longer than marginal vein .....................................Pteromalidae (part) (Chalcddectinae) 47

25a (21). Pronotal collar (Fig. A) large, subrectangular, its length from about 2/3rds that of mesoscutum to longer

than latter; head, and dorsum of thorax excluding propodeum, with numerous conspicuous hairy punctures (Fig.

B) which usually coalesce to form a deep, coarse honeycomb sculpture; genae with sharp edge or flange;

propodeum usually grooved or excavated down middle; body usually not metallic, rarely metallic, sometimes

partly to wholly yellow or reddish......................................................................................................................26

25b. Characters not as previously described; if pronotal collar is comparable with the above in size and form, then

either the head and thorax have a different type of sculpture, or else the genae are not sharp-edged................27

26a (25). Antennae with one ring segment, 7 funicular segments, and a solid or indistinctly segmented clava; inner

orbits of eyes diverging strongly ventrad ....................................................................Pteromalidae (part).... 47

26b. Antennae with at most 6 funicular segments; inner orbits of eyes diverging at most slightly

ventrad...................................................................................................................................Eurytomidae (part)

27a (25). Pronotal collar subrectangular, large, from about 1/2 as long to longer than mesoscutum; mesoscutal

notauli complete..................................................................................................................................................28

27b. Pronotal collar either not subrectangular, or else shorter than above; notauli complete or incomplete.......35

28a (27). Marginal vein of fore wing 4-8X as long as stigmal; postmarginal vein not or hardly longer than stigmal;

one or more of the bristles on cerci of abdomen very long (Fig. A); either the antennal toruli touch edge of oral

fossa, or else the face has tubercles or crests ............................. ...............................Pteromalidae (part) 47

28b. Either marginal vein of fore wing is at most 3X as long as stigmal; or bristles of cerci relatively shorter, the

antennal toruli are remote from the edge of the oral fossa, and the face is unarmed...........................................29

29a (28). Antennae with 10-11 segments, of which 4-6 are funicular segments; metapleuron (Fig. A) not or

indistinctly marked off from the propodeum, usually somewhat hairy; propodeum with a median longitudinal

channel, or flat medially; axillulae not or only vaguely marked off from the scutellum; body usually not metallic,

black, brown, or partly to entirely yellow to reddish, but rarely metallic .............................Eurytomidae (part)

29b. Antennae usually with 13 segments, occasionally with 12; funicle with 6-9 segments; the other characters

rarely present in combination..............................................................................................................................30

30a (29). Body black, not metallic; propodeum with a median longitudinal channel; scutellum without an offset

frenum...................................................................................................................................Eurytomidae (part)

30b. Either body is at least partly metallic, or else propodeum lacks a median channel, and usually also the

scutellum has a frenum marked off by an impressed line....................................................................................31

31a (30). Abdomen with a conspicuous, subrectangular, reticulate or striate petiole; front margin of metapleuron

not sinuate; hind femora neither swollen nor with teeth ventrally; stigma of fore wing small ..............................

................................................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (part) 47

31b. Abdomen with a relatively inconspicuous, subconical, smooth or nearly smooth petiole.............................32

32a (31). Antennae inserted below level of the ventral edge of eyes; either fore wing virtually lacks a speculum and

has the marginal vein hardly longer than the stigmal vein, or else the vertex has 6-8 specialized dark bristles

which point forwards (as in Fig. A ...................................................................................Pteromalidae (part) 47

32b. Antennae inserted level with or above ventral edge of eyes; fore wing usually with a speculum, marginal vein

usually longer than stigmal; vertex either with more numerous or less specialized bristles.................................33

33a (32). Antennae with 9 funicular segments; stigma of fore wing small; vertex with 6-8 long dark bristles (as in

Fig. A)...............................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (part) 47

33b. Antennae with at most 7 funicular segments; either stigma of fore wing large, or else vertex is clothed with

more numerous ordinary hairs or bristles.............................................................................................................34

34a (33). Pronotal collar sharply margined anteriorly; squat, bright, metallic species much resembling

Perilampidae; abdomen shorter than thorax, subglobose, ovipositor sheaths in && not exserted; mandibles large,

bidentate..................................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (part)

34b. Pronotal collar not margined; characters disagreeing in some other respect from previously noted

.....................................................................................................................................................Torymidae (part)

35a (27). Hind tibia with 2 stout apical spurs, one or both of these curved; hind coxae (Fig. A) nearly as long as

their femora, with a fine carina along their dorsal edge; middle segments of abdomen with some strong hairy

punctures which are usually modified and form part of transverse bands of characteristic sculpture (Fig. B);

marginal vein of fore wing 6-9X as long as the very short stigmal vein; antennae with 13 segments;

postspiracular sclerite (Fig. A) very narrow, fused with and lying in the same plane as mesopleuron

.............................................................................................................................................................Ormyridae

35b. Hind tibia often with only one apical spur, if with 2 then both are straight; hind coxae rarely so long as in the

above; middle segments of gaster most often without conspicuous hairy punctures, without transverse bands of

sculpture resembling those of Ormyridae; marginal vein of fore wing often relatively shorter and the stigmal

relatively longer; antennal formula often otherwise; postspiracular sclerite rarely fused with mesopleuron

..........................................................................................................................................................................36

36a (35). Hind coxae greatly enlarged (much as in Fig. A) and almost laminar; hind tibiae with a row of ca. 4-6

long bristles on their dorsal edge, and a series of ca. 4 others on their external surface, with 2 long apical spurs;

fore wing with 1-3 isolated bristles on the membrane below apex of submarginal vein; antennae with 9 segments

.....................................................................................................................................................Elasmidae (part)

36b. Hind coxae neither so greatly enlarged nor so strongly flattened; hind tibiae without specialized series of long

bristles, often with only one apical spur; the other characters usually different.................................................37

37a (36). Thorax (Fig. A): axillae not distinctly marked off from scutellum, the two together forming a transverse

band; propodeum with triangular median area; gaster sessile its basal segment as broad as propodeum; antennae

with 5-7 segments, with scape, pedicellus, 2-4 ring segments, and a long undivided clava; fore wing (Fig. B) with

fringes from 1/3rd to more than 1/2 breadth of wing, stigma rudimentary; external edge of mid tibia (Fig. C)

often with 2-4 long strong bristles; mid tarsi sometimes much longer than mid tibiae .....................Signiphoridae

37b. Thorax: axillae distinctly marked off from scutellum; propodeum without such a triangular median area;

gaster most often petiolate or subpetiolate with its basal segment at least slightly narrower than the propodeum;

antennal formula nearly always otherwise ..........................................................................................................38

38a (37). Antennae with 3-9 segments; postmarginal vein of fore wing usually absent or represented by a short

stub, only occasionally as long as the stigmal vein..............................................................................................39

38b. Antennae with 10-13 segments; postmarginal vein of fore wing usually well-developed and as long as or

longer than stigmal vein, occasionally shorter, but rarely absent .......................................................................40

39a (38). Abdomen subsessile, the petiolar segment, if present, transversely linear and not easily visible;

postphragma extending at least slightly, often far, into the abdomen; postmarginal vein of fore wing at most ca.

1/6th the length of marginal vein, but usually less; pronotum very short and strongly transverse; scutellum at

least slightly, often strongly, transverse....................................................................................Aphelinidae (part)

39b. Abdomen petiolate, the petiolar segment, even if very short, clearly visible; either postmarginal vein at least

1/4th the length of marginal vein, or else the gastral petiole is conspicuous, rectangular and reticulate, and the

pronotum is large, longer than the mesoscutum..................................................................................................40

40a (39). Propodeum extensively pilose; its median 1/3rd with several hairs which converge towards the median

line and leave at most a narrow strip down the middle uncovered; antennae with 11 segments of which 6 are

funicular segments; hind edge of basal tergite of abdomen very convex, so that in some aspects it appears as if a

rather deep groove is present between it and the 2nd tergite; spur of fore tibia weak and straight; fore wing

without a speculum; pronotum from nearly as long as to longer than, the mesoscutum; scutellum with 4 long

bristles..........................................................................................................Tetracampidae (&& Tetracampinae).

40b. At least the middle 1/3rd of propodeum bare, except in some exotic Pteromalidae in which the antennae have

7 funicular segments; hind edge of basal tergite of abdomen not so convex, without the appearance of a groove

between it and the 2nd tergite; spur of fore tibia usually stronger and curved; fore wing often with a speculum;

pronotum often relatively short; scutellum usually with more than 4 bristles.....................................................41

41a (40). Females with spur of fore tibia weak, nearly straight, only about 1/4th as long as the 1st tarsal segment;

spur of mid tibia not longer than that of the hind tibia; antennal formula 11163; Males with fore wing with a

black sausage-like swelling which occupies the marginal vein and the distal part of the submarginal vein;

antennal formula 11153. Males & Females with pronotum bell-shaped, at least about 3/4ths as long as the

mesoscutum; anterior tentorial pits forming conspicuous foveae, very large in males; occiput slightly

margined..............................................................................................Tetracampidae (part) (Platynocheilinae).

41b. Females with spur of fore tibia stronger and longer, nearly always curved but if straight then the antennal

formula is different and the pronotum is relatively shorter; antennal formula rarely 11163, if so then the

pronotum is relatively shorter, and the anterior tentorial pits are small; Males with fore wings without a black

swelling occupying this position, sometimes with the marginal vein short and broad, but not swollen

.........................................................................................................................................most Pteromalidae 47

42a (13). Marginal vein of fore wing punctiform or virtually so; either the fringe of fore wing extremely long, the

length of its longest hairs fully equal to the breadth of the wing; or the antennae of && with 5 segments with

scape, pedicellus, 2 minute ring segments, and a long clava which is solid or has at most slight traces of

segmentation; minute species, 0.5 to 0.7 mm..................................................Encyrtidae (part) (Antheminae &

Arrhenophaginae).

42b. Marginal vein of fore wing very distinctly, usually much, longer than broad; fringe of fore wing most often

relatively shorter; antennae of && nearly always with a different structure; size usually greater.......................43

43a (42). Antennae with 6 funicular segments and one discoid ring segment, the latter often hard to see; middle

1/3rd of propodeum pilose, the hairs converging towards median line and leaving at most a narrow median strip

uncovered; fore wing without a speculum .......................................Tetracampidae (part) (%% Tetracampinae).

43b. Antennae with at most 5 funicular segments; at least the middle 1/3rd of propodeum bare; fore wing most

often with a speculum.........................................................................................................................................44

44a (43). Hind legs (Fig. A) having their coxae greatly enlarged and strongly compressed laterally, almost

laminar; outer surface of their tibiae with numerous coarse blackish bristles, some of which form a pattern like a

series of lozenges; fore wings narrow, nearly or almost 3X as long as broad, their front and hind margins nearly

parallel; marginal vein extremely long, hardly at all bent at its junction with submarginal; postmarginal and

stigmal very short; mid and hind femora flattened and strongly expanded; occiput with sharp edge, the posterior

ocelli close to this or almost touching it .................................................................................................Elasmidae

44b. Hind coxae not so large and not laminately compressed; outer surface of hind tibiae without coarse bristles

forming a pattern..................................................................................................................................................45

45a (44). Fore wing with postmarginal vein as long as or longer than stigmal vein, the latter not very short

....................................................................................................................................................Eulophidae (part)

45b. Fore wing with postmarginal vein either absent, or clearly shorter than stigmal vein, the latter sometimes very

short or even rudimentary.....................................................................................................................................46

46a (45). Abdomen distinctly constricted at its junction with propodeum, and a petiole always present even though

sometimes strongly transverse; endophargma not extending into gaster; stigmal vein forming an angle of not less

than ca. 35° with costal edge of wing; body mostly often at least partly metallic; if not metallic then scutellum

usually with a pair of impressed submedian longitudinal lines...................................................Eulophidae (part)

46b. Abdomen subsessile, i.e., its base almost as broad as propodeum; the petiole, if present, very difficult to see;

endophragma extends at least slightly, usually far, into gaster; stigmal vein (Fig. A) usually forms a very acute

angle with costal edge of wing; body not metallic, black, or partly to entirely yellow or brown; scutellum without

submedian impressed longitudinal lines......................................................................................Aphelinidae (part)

Subfamilies of Pteromalidae

47a. Mesoscutal notauli complete of (some Diparinae) incomplete but meeting on the disc of mesoscutum .......48

47b. Notauli neither reaching hind margin of mesoscutum, nor meeting on its disc..............................................78

48a (47). Antennal toruli (Fig. A) touching lower edge of head and situated on facial lobes which project ventrad

slightly below level of clypeus; antennae without ring segments, with 7 funicular segments, and a solid or 3-

segmented clava; mesopleuron (Fig. B) produced posteriorly in the form of a lamina which completely overlaps

metapleuron; mesosternum with a broad deep median excavation (mesolcus) extending from its hind margin

more than 1/2 way towards front of sclerite; propodeum with outer rim of each spiracle partly hidden by a raised

flap of callus; postero-lateral corners of propodeum dentiform; body black or weakly metallic; head, and dorsum

of thorax excluding propodeum, with very conspicuous hairy punctures, the interspaces between these to a large

extent, or at least those of scutellum, with reduced microsculpture and so somewhat polished; mandibles

bidentate..............................................................................................................................................Spalangiinae

48b. Antennal toruli nearly always at least slightly separated from lower edge of head, but if touching it then not

situated on projecting facial lobes, and antennae with only 5-6 funicular segments; mesopleuron rarely produced

posteriorly in the form of a lamina, if so (Spalangiopelta, some Pirenini) then lamina does not completely overlap

metapleuron; mesosternum usually with at most a narrow median longitudinal impressed line, if this line is rather

broad then it is situated mainly in the front portion of sclerite; propodeal spiracles not overlapped by a raised

flap; the other characters not present simultaneously...........................................................................................95

49a (48). Ant-like species with head, thorax, and abdomen all at least partly testaceous; foramen magnum situated

near top of head; face on either side of clypeus often with a tubercle, crest, or forwardly projecting tooth (Fig.

A), sometimes (Figs. B-C) with a second crest on each side just below level of antennal toruli; malar sulcus

absent; antennae with 8-11 segments, without ring segments or, some %% only, with one ring segment; propodeal

spiracles separated by much more than their own length from hind margin of metanotum; wings sometimes

vestigial; when developed having marginal vein very long, the stigmal vein short, postmarginal vein equal to or

shorter than stigmal; parastigma with a callus which often bears a conspicuous tuft of dark bristles; body of

Theocolax & (Fig. D)........................................................................................................................Cerocephalinae

49b. Species rarely ant-like; head, thorax and abdomen rarely all testaceous-marked, if so then foramen magnum

not situated near top of head, and face has neither crests nor teeth; antennae often with a different formula;

propodeal spiracles rarely separated by more than their own length from the hind margin of metanotum..........96

50a (49). Spiracles of propodeum situated about 1/2 way between front and hind margins of the sclerite; antennal

toruli (Fig. A) placed on either side of clypeus and close to edge of oral fossa, separated from it by a distance at

least slightly less than the height of the toruli; antennae with 3 ring segments and 5 funicular segments; malar

sulcus absent; mandibles bidentate; body of Cea & (Fig. B).........................................................................Ceinae

50b. Spiracles of propodeum always nearer to front margin of sclerite than to its hind margin, sometimes even

touching metanotum [%% Merostenu sexcavatus -- Eupelmidae-- has the propodeal spiracles only slightly nearer

to front margin than to hind margin of propodeum, but it has 1 ring segment & 7 funicular segments in

antennae]; antennal toruli separated from edge of oral fossa by at least their own height except in Neodipara,

some Eunotinae, and some Cleonyminae, in which antennae have a different formula ......................................97

51a (50). Antennae inserted on either side of clypeus, with their toruli touching edge of oral fossa; with 5

funicular segments, without ring segments or with only one minute ring segment; body black with a weak

metallic tinge; gastral petiole elongated, yellow; mandibles bidentate..............................................Neodiparinae

51b. Antennal toruli at least slightly separated from edge of oral fossa, far above it in %% Dipara petiolata, the

only species having a blackish body and elongated yellow gastral petiole...........................................................98

52a (51). Vertex (Fig. A), in addition to some fine hairs, with 6-12 conspicuously strong dark bristles, most or all

of which curve forwards; scutellum with 4 long bristles only, usually (at least the frenum) longitudinally strigose;

notauli usually complete and somewhat strongly convergent, sometimes incomplete but meeting on the disc of

mesoscutum; gaster (Fig. B) usually attached to the propodeum at a relatively high level, the lower edge of

petiolar foramen being usually level with the upper surface of hind coxae as seen in profile; one or more of

bristles of each cercus very long; antennae with 11-13 segments, with one ring segment; in && with 7 funicular

segments and a solid or 3-segmented clava; in %% with 9 funicular segments and a short clava which is solid or

imperfectly 2-segmented; body of Dipara & & % (Figs. B-C) ................................................................Diparinae

52b. Vertex clothed with hairs or bristles which are relatively uniform in length and most often finer and shorter

than in the above; scutellum usually with more than 4 bristles, if with only 4 then scutellum is not longitudinally

strigose; notauli complete, not meeting posteriorly; gaster usually attached to propodeum at a lower level, with

the petiolar foramen located between the hind coxae.........................................................................................99

53a (52). Macropterous; front edge of costal cell of fore wing (Fig. A) strongly curved apically, so that wing

appears excised at the point where submarginal vein meets marginal vein (Epicopterus and some exotic

genera).........................................................................................................................................Eunotinae (part)

53b. Either front edge of costal cell of fore wing in its apical portion is straight or at most weakly sinuate; or

species is brachypterous......................................................................................................................................100

54a (53). Species with the following combination of characters: head (Fig. A) with posterior ocelli touching

occipital edge, which is sharp; head in front very subtriangular; genae long to very long; scutellum large, slightly

to considerably longer than mesoscutum, sometimes somewhat overlapping abdomen; fore wing with

postmarginal vein usually at most as long as, rarely slightly longer than, stigmal vein; 1st tergite of abdomen

very large, usually concealing the remaining tergites though sometimes (Scutellista) occupying only ca. 1/2 the

abdomen, in which case the scutellum partly overlaps the abdomen; propodeal callus with a raised longitudinal

crest which ends posteriorly in a tooth; antennae with 8-10 segments, inserted at least slightly below level of

ventral edge of eyes; body of Eunotus & (Fig. B) .......................................................................Eunotinae (part)

54b. If occipito-vertical edge sharp, then posterior ocelli do not touch it (except sometimes in Pirene, in which the

head is not subtriangular, the genae are short, the scutellum is smaller, and other characters do not all agree with

above); head in front view more often somewhat oval; scutellum rarely distinctly longer than mesoscutum, not

overlapping abdomen [except partly in some exotic Cleonyminae]; fore wing with postmarginal vein often

longer than stigmal; 1st tergite of abdomen rarely occupying more than 1/2 total length; propodeal callus rarely

with a longitudinal ridge; antennal formula often otherwise...............................................................................55

55a (54). Wings bitten off somewhere near their bases, so that venation, except part of submarginal vein, is

missing (dealate specimens of Bairamlia)...................................................................................Asaphinae (part)

55b. Wings fully developed with complete venation............................................................................................56

56a (55). Fore wing with marginal vein conspicuously thickened, either throughout, or in its proximal 1/2 (Figs.

A-E).....................................................................................................................................................................57

56b. Fore wing with marginal vein not conspicuously thickened; Note: parastigma, which may be thickened, is

not counted as part of marginal vein...................................................................................................................59

57a (56). Clypeus with at most a trace of strigose sculpture at the sides, its anterior margin subtruncate; hind tibia

with one spur; antennal formula 11263 (%% Epicopterus only) (Figs. A-C)................................Eunotinae (part)

57b. Either the clypeus is wholly radiately strigose, or its anterior margin is bilobed, and hind tibia has 2 spurs; or

antennal formula is different..............................................................................................................................58

58a (57). Either head and thorax are yellow and black, not metallic; or the antennal formula is 11173

..........................................................................................................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

58b. Head and thorax usually metallic, if not metallic then without yellow markings; antennal formula otherwise

...............................................................................................................................................Pteromalinae (part)

59a (56). Females with tarsi heteromerous, mid tarsi with only 4 segments; fore and hind tarsi with 5; face with a

longitudinal impressed line on either side, each lying somewhat mesad of its corresponding malar sulcus,

extending from the eye towards the oral edge; postspiracular sclerite imperfectly developed and not distinctly

separated from mesopleuron, sometimes apparently absent; antennal formula 11174; Males with face with

longitudinal impressed lines like those of &&; postspiracular sclerite as described for &&; antennal formula

11173 or 11182; body and appendages (Figs. A-G) .......................................................................Macromesinae

59b. Females with tarsi not heteromerous, all with 5 segments; face, except in some species of exotic genus

Belonea, without longitudinal impressed lines like those described for Macromesinae; postspiracular sclerite

distinctly separated from mesopleuron by a suture, sometimes very small or narrow but often large; Males with

face lacking longitudinal impressed lines like those described above; postspiracular sclerite as in females;

antennal formula most often otherwise.................................................................................................................60

60a (59). Males only with eyes very large and dorsally touching or almost touching posterior ocelli, but their inner

orbits diverging strongly ventrad; antennae (Figs. A-D) very short: either with 2 ring segments and 3 funicular

segments, or 3 ring segments and 2 funicular segments; or 4 ring segments but only one funicular segment; small

species, at most 2 mm. in length; (some Pirenini)..............................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

60b. Either females or males with eyes smaller and not nearly touching posterior ocelli dorsally, and the other

characters not all present simultaneously; males with inner orbits diverging strongly have longer antennae, with

either one ring segment and 7 funicular segments, or no ring segments but 8 funicular segments.......................61

61a (60). Inner orbits of eyes (Fig. A) diverging strongly ventrad, at an angle of 20° to 45° to vertical axis of head;

antennae with 7-8 funicular segments, with only one ring segment, or without true ring segments; clava

sometimes solid, sometimes 2-3 segmented; labrum often visible even when mandibles are closed; head and

thorax often with numerous and conspicuous hairy punctures; postspiracular sclerite large and broad, often

somewhat hairy......................................................................................................................................................94

61b. Inner orbits of eyes parallel or diverging only slightly ventrad; antennae rarely with more than 6 funicular

segments, if with 7, some Chrysolampinae, some Asaphinae, Skeloceras (Miscogasterinae), some % Torymidae,

then the inner orbits of eyes are nearly parallel; at least one ring segment present, often 2, occasionally 3-4; clava

most often with 3 segments, occasional with 2; labrum very rarely visible; head and thorax usually with sparser

or inconspicuous hairy punctures; postspiracular sclerite large or small, nearly always bare...............................62

62a (61). Antennae with 13 segments, most often with 2 ring segments and 6 (occasionally 7) funicular segments,

or 3 ring segments and 5 funicular segments; occasionally with only one ring segment, but then with 7 funicular

segments; petiolar foramen of propodeum most often bounded by a somewhat crescentric, smooth or

transversely aciculate strip; or with a convex, reticulate nucha; propodeum, medially, often produced caudad of

the bases of hind coxae; the supracoxal flanges, except in a few species, are not very narrow and linear; anterior

margin of clypeus often with teeth; postmarginal vein of fore wing often longer than marginal vein; petiole of

abdomen often distinctly sculptured, sometimes longer than broad.....................................................................63

62b. Antennae with 10, 11 or 12 segments, if with 2 ring segments, then only 5 funicular segments; sometimes 3-4

ring segments but in that case at most 3 funicular segments; often only one ring segment but then at most 6

funicular segments; propodeum without nucha, its petiolar foramen bounded by a simple ridge; propodeum,

medially, not or hardly produced caudad of the bases of hind coxae; supracoxal flanges, except in a few species,

very narrow and linear; anterior margin of clypeus rarely with teeth; postmarginal vein of fore wing in most

species shorter than, and only rarely longer than, marginal vein; petiole of abdomen smooth, usually somewhat

transverse, rarely as long as broad; body of Semiotellus & (Fig. A) of Pirene & (Fig. B) ..Miscogasterinae (part)

63a (62). Antennae inserted very high on head, their toruli distinctly nearer to median ocellus than to the anterior

margin of clypeus.................................................................................................................................................64

63b. Antennae inserted lower down the head, their toruli equidistant from median ocellus and the anterior margin

of clypeus, or nearer to the latter..........................................................................................................................65

64a (63). Antennal formula 11263; marginal vein of fore wing 4-4.5X as long as stigmal vein, costal cell very

narrow, 12-20X as long as its maximum breadth; all coxae, femora, and tibiae red, sometimes also the abdominal

petiole and part of abdomen; body of Panstenon & (Fig. A)............................................................Panstenoninae

64b. Either the antennal formula is 11173, or else the marginal vein of fore wing is less than 3X as long as stigmal

vein, the costal cell is relatively broader, and at least the coxae are mainly metallic...........................................65

65a (64). Marginal vein of fore wing 3.5-6X as long as the stigmal vein; pronotal collar (Fig. A) large, at least 1/2

as long as mesoscutum, sharply margined anteriorly; antennal formula 11263 or 11173; hind tibia with 2 strong

apical spurs; petiole of abdomen usually distinctly sculptured, longer than broad, and subrectangular (Fig. A)

......................................................................................................................................................Chrysolampinae

65b. Marginal vein of fore wing rarely more than 3X as long as stigmal vein; if more than 3X, then either the

pronotal collar is shorter, or else it is immarginate...............................................................................................66

66a (65). Body either brown to black and not metallic; or the head and thorax at least partly yellow to reddish

..............................................................................................................................................................................67

66b. Body at least slightly metallic; head and thorax without yellow or reddish .markings .................................68

67a (66). Pronotum short, in dorsal view with its sides converging strongly forwards (a few Ormocerini; some

exotic Brachyscelidiphagini)..............................................................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

67b. pronotum long, in dorsal view appearing subrectangular, or having its sides at most slightly

convergent...................................................................................................................................Torymidae (part)

68a (66). Genae with sharp edge or border which extends well up the temples; occiput also margined; pronotum

(Fig. A) large and subrectangular; antennae inserted below level of ventral edge of eyes, 11263 or 11173

.....................................................................................................................................................Asaphinae (part)

68b. Genae without sharp edge except sometimes near mandibles, in which case the occiput is not margined, while

the pronotum is shorter and not subrectangular, and the antennae are inserted higher on head ..........................69

69a (68). Postmarginal vein of fore wing shorter than marginal vein; antennae inserted well below level of ventral

edge of eyes, 11263 in %%, 11353 in &&; anterior margin of clypeus without teeth (Bairamlia)

....................................................................................................................................................Asaphinae (part)

69b. Either postmarginal vein of fore wing is at least slightly longer than marginal vein, or else antennae are

inserted level with or above the ventral edge of eyes; antennal formula sometimes otherwise; anterior margin of

clypeus often with a tooth or teeth ......................................................................................................................70

70a (69). Antennae lack clearly differentiated ring segments, or with only one ring segment .............................71

70b. Antennae with 2 or more ring segments.........................................................................................................72

71a (70). Males only: either petiole and base of abdomen reddish, or pedicellus (Fig. A) with a comb of

outstanding hairs beneath, and genae with some conspicuously long hairs; scutellum tapers forwards to a

point......................................................................................................................................................................95

71b. Females or Males not having the above characters (Brachylelatus, some male Torymidae, and some non-

European Miscogasterinae (Brachyscelidiphagini).

72a (70). Fore wing with postmarginal vein at least slightly longer than marginal vein........................................73

72b. Fore wing with postmarginal vein not longer than marginal vein..................................................................29

73a (72). Postspiracular sclerite narrow; clypeus wholly strigose (only a very few species key out here)

................................................................................................................................................Pteromalinae (part)

73b. Postspiracular sclerite large and broad; clypeus either mainly to entirely reticular, or smooth......................74

74a (73). Occiput margined, at least medially........................................................................................................96

74b. Occiput not margined..................................................................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

75a (72). Anterior margin of clypeus with 3 asymmetric teeth (Fig. A), or with 2 teeth of which the left-hand one

is somewhat bifid (Fig. B).................................................................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

75b. Anterior margin of clypeus either edentate or, if teeth present, they are neither asymmetrically placed nor

bifid......................................................................................................................................................................76

76a (75). Petiole of abdomen strongly sculptured, reticulate or strigose, often somewhat rectangular, or longer

than broad..........................................................................................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

76b. Petiole of abdomen smooth or nearly so, usually somewhat transverse though sometimes as long as broad.

.............................................................................................................................................................................77

77a (76). Antennae inserted low down, their toruli not or hardly above the level of the ventral edge of eyes,

11263; clypeus without, or with at most some vague, striae .............................................Miscogasterinae (part)

77b. Either antennae are inserted distinctly above level of ventral edge of eyes, or else their formula is 11353; or

clypeus has numerous radiating striae.................................................................................................................78

78a (77). Either clypeus is mainly striate, or its anterior margin has a tooth, or two lobes .....Pteromalinae (part)

78b. Clypeus not striate, its anterior margin without teeth....................................................................................98

79a (47). Face and/or frons with a crest or tubercle on each side (Fig. A); or the outer edges of the deep antennal

grooves are raised to form crests.........................................................................................................................93

79b. Face and frons without crests or tubercles, the interantennal tubercle, which is sometimes carinate, is not

counted; outer edges of antennal grooves not crested, such grooves often shallow..........................................80

80a (79). Inner orbits of eyes (Fig. A) diverge strongly ventrad, at an angle of 20° to 45° to the vertical axis of

head; antennae either with one ring segment and 7 funicular segments, or without ring segments but having 8

funicular segments.............................................................................................................................................95

80b. Inner orbits of eyes parallel or diverging only slightly; antennae almost always with 2-3 ring segments, and

rarely more than 6 funicular segments; if there are 7 or 8 funicular segments, then nearly always 2 ring segments

are present..........................................................................................................................................................81

81a (80). Brachypterous or apterous species (some Callitula, Meraporus, Leptomeraporus, Artholytus, Nasonia,

Platypteromalus and Eupteromalus).....................................................................................Pteromalidae (part)

81b. Macropterous species..................................................................................................................................82

82a (81). Antennae with 10, 11 or 12 segments..................................................................................................83

82b. Antennae with 13 segments.........................................................................................................................84

83a (82). Antennae without ring segments or with only one ring segment; clava neither acutely pointed nor with

an apical process, 2-3 segmented....................................................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

83b. Antennae with 2-3 ring segments; clava (Figs. A-C) acutely pointed, acuminate, or with an apical process,

usually solid or indistinctly segmented (Callitula, Merisus, some Homoporus, Norbanus and Picroscytoides key

out here)..................................................................................................................................Pteromalinae (part)

84a (82). Axillae (Fig. A) produced forwards far in advance of scutellar base, the latter broad; fore wing (Fig. B)

with stigmal vein very short, the stigma almost sessile, marginal vein 3-4X as long as stigmal, postmarginal vein

relatively short; hind tibiae (Fig. C) somewhat compressed, their posterior edge with a row of spines, 2 strong

apical spurs present of which the 2nd is only slightly shorter than the 1st; hind coxae very long, at least 3/4ths as

long as their femora, the latter compressed; spiracles of propodeum touch metanotum, the latter often covering

front part of spiracular rim; last 2-3 segments of && abdomen clothed with dark bristles; antennal formula 11263

in &&, 11353 in %% .......................................................................................................................Colotrechninae

84b. Axillae very rarely produced so far in advance of scutellar base, if so then the latter is narrower; venation of

fore wing usually quite unlike above, if somewhat similar then hind tibiae have no spines along their posterior

edge, and have only one apical spur, while hind coxae are relatively shorter and propodeal spiracles are at least

slightly separated from metanotum.......................................................................................................................85

85a (84). Antennae inserted high on head, their toruli nearer to median ocellus than to anterior margin of

clypeus..................................................................................................................................................................86

85b. Antennae inserted at a lower level, their toruli either midway between median ocellus and anterior margin of

clypeus, or nearer to latter.....................................................................................................................................87

86a (85). Marginal vein of fore wing 4-4.5X as long as stigmal vein; costal cell narrow, 12-20X as long as its max.

breadth...............................................................................................................................................Panstenoninae

86b. Marginal vein of fore wing less than 3X as long as stigmal vein; costal cell relatively broader than in the

above.....................................................................................................................................................................87

87a (86). Marginal vein of fore wing (Figs. A-E) conspicuously thickened, either throughout or in its proximal

half...........................................................................................................................................Pteromalinae (part)

87b. Marginal vein of fore wing not conspicuously thickened..............................................................................88

88a (88). Anterior margin of clypeus with 3 asymmetric teeth (Fig. A)..............................Miscogasterinae (part)

88b. Anterior margin of clypeus either edentate, or if with teeth or lobes, then these are not asymmetric............89

89a (88). Petiole of abdomen conspicuous, sculptured, reticulate or strigose, usually somewhat elongated, rarely

transverse..............................................................................................................................................................90

89b. Petiole of abdomen smooth or nearly so, usually somewhat transverse and relatively inconspicuous, rarely

somewhat longer than broad.................................................................................................................................91

90a (89). Anterior margin of clypeus bi- or tridentate........................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

90b. Anterior margin of clypeus without teeth........................................................................Pteromalinae (part)

91a (89). Anterior margin of clypeus (Figs. A-B) with 2 slightly projecting sharp teeth..92

91b. Anterior margin of clypeus not of this form, often somewhat less emarginate (Figs. A-L) or incised (Figs. M-

P) but then the angles on either side of emargination are blunt ................................Pteromalinae (most species)

92a (91). Antennae inserted low on head, not or hardly above level of ventral edge of eyes; axillae meet or nearly

meet, so that scutellum touches mesoscutum only on a narrow base or at a point (as in Figs. A-D); clypeus

reticulate or smooth ...........................................................................................................Miscogasterinae (part)

92b. Antennae inserted higher, distinctly above level of ventral edge of eyes; axillae (Figs. A-C) widely separated,

so that scutellum touches mesoscutum on a broad base; clypeus most often striate..............Pteromalinae (part)

93a (79). Antennae with 3 ring segments and 5 funicular segments (Nikolskayana only)........Pteromalinae (part)

93b. Antennae with one ring segment, or without such segments; with 7-8 funicular segments...........................94

94a (93). Head (Fig. A) massive, in && much, in %% somewhat, broader than thorax; clypeus with strong radiating

striae which extend some distance up face and genae; inner orbits of eyes virtually parallel; head and thorax

without conspicuous hairy punctures; antennal formula 11083 (ring segments not clearly differentiated)

..............................................................................................................................................................Cratominae

94b. Head less massive, not much broader than thorax; clypeus without strong radiating striae (nearly always

reticulare without any striae); inner orbits of eyes usually diverge ventrad, sometimes strongly so; head and

thorax sometimes with conspicuous hairy punctures; antennae often with an ring segment................................95

95a (94). Males only: Either the pedicellus has a comb of outstanding hairs beneath (Fig. A), or the coxae,

gastral petiole, and base of gaster are all somewhat red, the propodeal spiracles are small, circular, and separated

by much more than their own diam. from the hind margin of metanotum...............................Eupelmidae (part)

95b. Either && or %% in which antennal pedicellus lacks a comb of outstanding hairs beneath, the coxae petiole

and base of gaster are not simultaneously red, and the propodeal spiracles are not more than their own diam.

from hind margin of metanotum ......................................................................................................Cleonyminae

96a (74). Antennae with 2 or more ring segments..................................................................................................97

96b. Antennae with only one ring segment (11173)............................................................................................100

97a (96). Either hind femora beneath have a tooth, some teeth, or fine serrations, or else the occiput is

margined.....................................................................................................................................Torymidae (part)

97b. Hind femora without teeth or serrations; occiput not margined....................................................................98

98a (79). Antennae with 2 ring segments.....................................................................................Torymidae (part)

98b. Antennae with 3 or more ring segments........................................................................................................99

99a (98). Proximal segments of antennal flagellum increasing gradually in size, so that there is no very clear

distinction between ring segments and funicular segments .................................................................Torymidae (part)

99b. Antennae with 3 ring segments which are obviously smaller than any of the succeeding funicular segments

(antennal formula 11353)......................................................................................................Pteromalinae (part)

100a (96). Anterior margin of metapleuron not sinuate; ventral edge of hind femora without teeth or serrations;

occiput not margined...............................................................................................................Eupelmidae (part)