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                  [Note:  All Basque words are in Italics and Bold-faced Green]

 

  THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH *

                                      (Contact)

 

 

          For a more another description of the decoding process of English, click here: "Hidden Sentences in English Words"

 

PLAYING WITH ENGLISH

 

          When researching the Ogam script, I described how whole sentences were condensed into single words and names, by being encoded with the use of the vowel-interlocking formula. About half of the Basque language is made up of words starting with vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV or VCCV) and it is this half, which is mostly used in the assembly of English vocabulary, the same as was done for Sanskrit and Latin (see VCV Formula). This formula used the first vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) of every Saharan/Basque word, which then were aligned as VCV1-V1CV2-V2CV3 and agglutinated into VCVCVCV. Many vowels and some "h's" of the resulting agglutination were then removed according to a pre-determined plan, to create English-looking or English-sounding words. The main assigned characteristic of the English language is that the traditional Latin pronunciation of the letters was abandoned and replaced by a different alphabet pronunciation. In the following examples the removed letters are shown as dots. Sometimes both vowels were eliminated from one VCV but the consonants (except some "h's") always remained. To read up on the decoding process and the vowel-interlocking feature, please see the Ogam page. The language used to translate the names and words, as before, is Basque.

 

THE WORDS WE SPEAK

 

          Most of the words in the English language were made up by the Benedictines and grammarians in their scriptoria, some later evolved from the words these linguists invented. The monks did the word construction mostly by writing a short sentence describing the subject in Basque. In some cases they used wisecracks or jokes, even crude remarks and personal feelings. They also borrowed and exchanged words made up by linguists in France, Holland, Germany and Italy, often altering the available words to give them an "English" touch, e.g. French 'famille' became 'family'. Latin was invented in exactly the same manner, using the same rules as for English, as the name "Latin" indicates:. la-ati-in or ela-ati-indar: ela (word) atxiki (to memorize) indaregin (make an effort): "make an effort to memorize the words". To introduce the new subject of English word translations, here follow a few which clearly demonstrate the care, creativity and often joy, which went into composing them.

 

doctor: .do-ok.-.to-or.
.do             odo            odoldun                       bloody
ok.              oke             okerkeria                    injury
.to              eto             etorri                           come!
or.              ora             orain                           right now
 
A bloody injury, come right now!
 
Parliament: .pa-ar.-.li-i.a-ame-ent.
.pa              apa             aparteko    special 
ar.              -ari            -ari                              cause
.li               ili               ilinti                            fiery
i.a              iha             ihardukitze                 arguing, oratory
ame            ame            ameslari                         idealistic
ent.             ent              entzungarri                 worthy of being heard
 
Fiery and idealistic oratory for a special cause is worthy of being heard.
 
Hansard: .ha-an.-.sa-ard.
.ha              aha             ahalegin                        attempt
an.              ane             anega                          measure
.sa              esa             esan                             to narrate
ard.            ardu           arduratu                       to take responsibility for
 
An attempt to take a measure of responsibility for the narration.
 
library: .li-ib.-.ra-ari
.li               eli              elizdiru                         religious duty
ib.              ibi              ibili                             to acquire
.ra              ira              irakaskuntza               education
ari              ari              arrigarri                        marvellous, admirable
 
It is your religious duty to acquire a marvelous education.
 
irrigate: ir.-.ri-iga-ate
ir.               ire              ireki                             to open
.ri               eri              eriontegi                       spillway
iga              iga             igartu                          to wilt
ate              ate              atertu                          to stop
 
Open the spillway to stop the wilting.
 
alcohol: al.-.ko-oho-ol.
al.              alu             alukeria                        repulsive behaviour
.ko              uko             ukoegin                       to deny
oho             oho            ohoregabe                   to dishonor
ol.              ol               olde                             free will
 
Denying and repulsive behaviour dishonors the free will.
 
garlic: .ga-ar.-.li-ik.
.ga              ega             egakortasun                volatility, smell
ar.              ara             arranguratu                to complain
.li               ali              alienatu                        destroys a person's composure
ik.              ika             ikaragarri                     awful!
 
(People) complain that the smell destroys a person's composure. It's awful!
 
existence: (eksiztense) ek.-.si-izte-en.-.se
.ek              eka             ekarpen                         contribution
.si               asi              asierako                        original
iste             izte             iztegi                           vocabulary
ene             ene             ene                               my
.se              ese             esentia                         essence      
 
"The essence of my original vocabulary contributions".
 

 

SOME NAMES ASSOCIATED WITH ROYALTY

 

          I then decided to be adventurous and apply my newfound knowledge about the mysterious vowel-interlocking formula to some names associated with the British royal family. The choice of the name "Windsor" was straight luck; the result was startling. There appears to be no other reasonable interpretation.

 

Windsor: in.-.d.-.so-or.   (The W has no meaning)
 
in.    ino             inorenganatu              to bequeath
.d.    odo            odolgarbitasun           nobility
.so   oso             osoro                           thorough
or.   oro             orotar                          united
 
Bequeath a thoroughly united nobility.
 

          The British royal family took on the name Windsor early in this century. It is fair to say that they must have known exactly what they were doing. The family has long been involved with the pre-history and Ogam script of Scotland. Queen Victoria herself financed the publishing of a voluminous book on very early Scottish inscriptions, entitled "The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland" (J.R. Allen & J. Anderson), many of which were not Christian at all but belonged to the previous Ashera Religion of the Picts. Edo Nyland decided to probe a bit deeper by analyzing other names associated with British royalty:

 

Buckingham: .bu-uki-ing.-.ha-am.
 
.bu   abu             aburukide                   agreement
uki   uki             ukitu                            to touch, to affect
ing.  ingi            ingira                          disposition, formation
.ha   iha             ihardunak                   activities
am.  ami            aministratu                 government
 
The agreement affects the formation and activities of the government.
 
This "agreement" probably refers to the signing of Magna Carta. 
 
Balmoral: .ba-al.-.mo-ora-al.
.ba   eba             ebanjelari                   evangelist
al.    ala             alai                              happiness
.mo  amo            amodiotsu                   loving
ora  ora             oraingoan                   occasion
al.    ala             alaitsu                         joyous
 
The evangelist's happiness made this a loving and joyous occasion.
 
Carnarvon: .ka-ar.-.na-ar.-.bo-on.
.ka   aka             akabu                          end
ar.   ara             aratustel                      corruption
.na   ana             anaibateko                  unanimous
ar.   ara             araberatasun              agreement
.bo   abo            abonau                        to approve of
on.   one             onetsi                          to bless
 
Corruption was ended when the unanimous approval of the agreement was blessed.
 
This is another sentence which refers to Magna Carta. 
 
Kensington: .ke-en.-.si-ing.-.to-on.
.ke   ike             ikertu                          to investigate, to re-visit
en.   ene             -enetan                        each time
.si    esi              esiketa                         siege
ing.  ingi            ingiratu                       to be disgusted
.to    ito              itotasun                       anguish
on.   ona             onargaitz                     intolerable
 
Each time they re-visit that repugnant siege (it causes) intolerable anguish.
 

 

SOME COMMON ENGLISH NAMES

 

          The above unexpected success in my search for the origin of English names was encouraging so I started to analyze other well known and true English names. Here are a few:

 

Osborne: os.-.bo-or.-.ne
 
os.   osa             osatasun                      integrity
.bo   abo            abogado                      lawyer
or.   oro             orokorki                      universally
.ne   one             onetsi                          esteemed
 
The integrity of a lawyer is universally esteemed.
 
Sebastian: .se-eba-asti-an.
.se   ase             aserre                          dispute
eba  eba             ebazle                          judge
asti  azti             aztiatu                         to anticipate
an.   ana             anaitze                        reconciliation
 
Dispute judge who anticipates reconciliation.
 
 
Buchanan: .bu-uka-ana-an.
.bu   abu             aburu                          opinion
uka  uka             ukatu                           to refuse
ana  ana             anaikidetasun             brotherhood
an    andi           andikeria                    arrogance
 
He refused to give an opinion about the arrogance of the brotherhood.
 
Hamilton, .ha-ami-il.-.to-on.
.ha   aha             ahal                             I hope
ami  ami            amildu                        to oust, to overcome
il.    ilo              ilordu                          agony
.to    oto             otoitz                           prayer
on.   one             oneratsu                      pious
 
I hope to overcome the agony through pious prayer.
 

          One of the best-known sea captains of the age of exploration was Henry Hudson. From the meaning of his name it appears that he acquired the name Hudson during or after one of his arctic voyages. Hudson Bay and the Hudson River were named after him.

 

Hudson, .hu-ud.-.so-on.
.hu   uhu             uhui                             cry of happiness, joy
ud.   udi             udikan                         to get out
.so   iso             isolamendu                 isolation
on.   ona             onargaitz                     intolerable, hostile
 
He cried for joy to get out of the hostile isolation.
 
Ogden, og.-.de-en.
og.   oga             ogaki                           richly
.de   ade             adelatu                        adorned
en.   ene             -enetan                        always
 
Always richly adorned.
 
Purvis, .pu-ur.-.bi-is.
.pu   ipu             ipuin                           gospel
ur.   uri              urrikaltasun               mercy
.bi   ibi              ibili                              to be
is.    isu              isurika                         inspiration
 
Let the Gospel's mercy be an inspiration.
 
Molson, .mo-ol.-.so-on.
.mo  amo            amona                         grandmother
ol.   ole             oles egin                      to call upon
.so   eso             esonde                         advice
on.   onu             onuts                           very kind
 
Call upon grandmother for very kind advice.
 
Gibson, .gi-ib.-.so-on.
.gi    agi             agian                           I wish
ib.   ibe             ibeni                            to introduce, to give
.so   eso             esonde                         advice
on.   one             oneratu                       beneficial
 
I wish to give beneficial advice.
 
Compton, .ko-om.-.p.-.to-on.
.ko   ako             akorduan euki            to remember
om.  ome            omendatu                    to honor
.p.    epe             epemuga                     deadline
.to    eto             etorkizuneko               upcoming
on.   one             ondar                          final
 
Remember to honor the upcoming final deadline.
 
Collier, .ko-ol.-.li-i.e-er.
.ko   ako             akorduan euki            to remember
oli   oli              olibolio                        olive oil
i.e    ihe             ihesi                            to prevent
er.   eri              eri                                illness
 
Remember that olive oil prevents illness.
 

          A geographical name that became a household name is Trafalgar, where Nelson fought the sea-battle of 1805 and defeated Napoleon's fleet. The name must have been made up specifically for this occasion:

 

Trafalgar: .t.-.ra-afa-alga-ar.
.t.     ate              atertu                          to stop
.ra   era             erasan                         attack
afa   afa             afa                               happy
alga alga            algara                          loud laughter
ar.   ari              arinaldi                       fast run
 
We stopped the attack (amid) happy and loud laughter when they ran away fast.
 

          I can go on and on to show that most, if not all, British names are made up out of Basque, although not all were assembled with the Ogam formula, such as "Campbell," from kam-bel: kamaina (improvised bed) bela (sails): "They slept on sails"; or "Stewart," from stu-art.: asturu (fortune) arti (sheep): "A fortune in sheep." The linguists who created most of these names were dedicated professionals of the highest caliber and they did a marvelous job. Who they were and where they worked will be discussed in another web-page. For now it is more important to show how basic the Basque language is to all aspects of English; it may be said that the English language is close to 100% manipulated Basque. By now the reader will have understood that there is nothing "genetic" about the English language. It didn't evolve naturally from any other language; it was almost totally home-invented and had absolutely nothing to do with the Anglo-Saxons, Friesians, Celts, Vikings or whatever ruffians happened to drift in from the continent.

 

 

SHAKESPEARE KNEW THE VOWEL INTERLOCKING FORMULA

 

          In "Love's Labour's Lost" Shakespeare presents us with a Latin sounding riddle: honorificabilitudinitatibus (Act V, i, 39). Up to now it has frustrated all efforts to decode it. This is supposed to be the longest "Latin" word in the dictionary, but from where did this "Latin" word come? Probably not from Latin! The fact that he used this word tells me that he knew about the Benedictines' operational manual, the "Auraicept na n'Eces" in which it is mentioned at least twice. It is likely that the "word" was made up in Ireland by one of the Benedictine grammarians. In line 1438 the word starts with tinerifica while the version in line 1741 is tenerifica. Let us first apply the Ogam formula to Shakespeare's version and see what happens:

 

honorificabilitudinitatibus:
.ho   ahogoza                                         delicious
ono  onon                                              exquisite
ori   orrits                                             banquet
ifi    ibili                                                to go
ika   ikaskai                                          lesson
abi   abiatu                                            to begin
ili    ilinti                                              fiery preacher
itu    itundu                                           to be advised
udi   udikan                                           to get out, to go away
ini   initz,ainitz                                     many
ita    itaun                                             question
ati    atxiki                                             to retain
ibu   aburu?                                           opinion
us.   usutu                                             often expressed
 
     Going to the delicious and exquisite banquet was the lesson the fiery preacher began with. I was advised to go away with my 
        many questions and retained my often expressed opinion. 
 

          The 800 or 900 year older version in the Auraicept has two slightly different spellings and translations: (line 1741), starting with  .te-ene-eri-ifi-ika: ateots (knock on the door) ene (come to me) eritasun (heavily laden) which therefore reads: "Knock on the door, come to me those who are heavily laden; this was the lesson...etc.". Version line 1438 reads: .ti-ine-eri-ifi-ika: atikitzaile (faithful) inertzia (downtrodden) eritasun (heavily laden) and therefore reads: "faithful but downtrodden and heavily laden; this was the lesson....etc."

 

          This made me wonder if there was anything special hidden in Shakespeare's name and there was:

 

Shakespeare, she-ek.-.spi-ir. (pron: shay-ayk-spee-eer)
she  she             shedatu                       to decide
ek.   eka             ekandu                        to get used to
.spi  azpi            azpiko                          protective cover, pseudonym
ir.    ira              irakatsi                        to teach
(ir.) (ira)           (irauli?)                      (to translate)?
 
          I decided to get used to teaching (translating?) under a pseudonym.

 

          The reason why none of the six known signatures of the great man were spelled the same must be because the basic sounds of "she-ek-spi-ir" were more important than the accurate spelling of his English "name."

 

 

BASQUE WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

 

          Many common English words can be recognized as belonging to the pre-Christian language. Most of them were maintained with only minor change in meaning:

 

                 English:                                       Derived from:
 
acid                                             azido (acid)
ankle                                           anka (foot)
better                                          beterik (full)
boss                                            boz (voice)
bulk                                             bulka (to force, to push)
busy                                            bizi(to make a living)
camp                                           canpo (outdoors)
cane                                            ka'in (diviner's rod) 
celebrity                                     shelebre (funny)
chisel                                          zizel (chisel)
coy                                              -koi (tendency, trait of character) (suffix)
damn                                           damu (remorse)
fault                                            falta (error)
fleet                                            flota (flotilla)
gate                                             gate (chain)
goose                                          guztien (common) 
gory                                            gorri (terrible)
to guide                                       gidatu (to guide)
harpoon                                       arpo (harpoon)
honest                                         oneste (act of blessing)
hurry                                           hurre (come closer)
impression                                  inpresio (impression)
to inaugurate                               inauguratu (to inaugurate)
innocent                                      inuzente (stupid)
kitsch                                          kitz (agitated)
to lag                                           laga (to leave behind)
licking                                         likin (sticky)
mad                                             madarikatu (to curse, to swear),
man                                             manatu (giving orders, to decide)
market                                         merkatu (market)
mask                                           maskara (mask)
moron                                         morroin (servant)
nigger                                          nigar (crying)              
ok                                                oka (plentiful, enough)
pan                                              panin (water, clean) 
pauze                                          pauza (pauze)
perch                                           pertxa (perch)
pirate                                          pairatu (to suffer)
posh                                            panposha (gracious, charming) 
purge                                           purga (to purge)
quay                                            kai (dock, pier)
race (people)                              arraz (race)
raw                                             arau (discipline)         
to risk                                         arrisku (to risk)
to root                                         errotu (to take root)
sack, satchel                               sakela (pocket)
sail                                              zail (difficult)
scratch                                        karrask (scrape)
sense                                           zentzu (common sense)
shallop                                        txalupa (launch, small boat)
sole                                             zola (sole of shoe)
soppy                                          sopi (soaking)
star                                              izar (star)
sudden                                        sudun (ardent, heated)
thorough                    osoro (thorough)
usual                                           usu (usual)
to use                                          usatu (to use)
word                                           ord (ainbide) (promise)
 

 

ENGLISH IS AN INVENTED LANGUAGE

 

          It is clear that none of the English etymological dictionaries is doing justice to the tremendous language creation efforts of the Benedictine linguists, later continued by famous writers such as Chaucer, Shakespeare and Tyndale. In fact, most of the modern word etymologies in our dictionaries appear to be guesswork or dreaming. The problem is that none of the languages which are presently assumed part of the Indo-European language "family" are genetically related, i.e. not one of them evolved slowly over time from another. They were all invented by early linguists and forced onto a reluctant public by a determined and occasionally cruel church leadership.

 

A NEW ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

 

          In my English dictionary I show how a large number of English words were formulaically assembled by agglutinating the first syllables of Basque words, mostly with the vowel-interlocking formula.

 

          In other articles, I point out that Dutch and German were also made up by the same group of monks who had earlier invented English and Gaelic. English words, originating at Benedictine scriptoria in Holland and Germany, will be discussed in the article on those languages.

 

          To understand how the decoding and translating process works, the reader should familiarize him/herself with the Ogam discussion. There is little guesswork in these translations even though, to the uninitiated and casual observer, the process of building up a full word from one consonant appears impossible. The vowel-interlocking feature of the VCV vowel-interlocking formula is responsible for that.  However, repeated trials are required for it to be understood. It does require common sense interpretation.

 

          The missing vowels, represented by dots, will be revealed in the original Basque words which follow. Hyphens separate the hidden Basque words. I suppose this work could be called a contribution towards a Revised Etymological Dictionary for English.

 

 

      Bibliography

 

==========================================

 

For further detail, please refer to:

 

          Nyland, Edo.  2001.  Linguistic Archaeology: An
               Introduction.   Trafford Publ., Victoria, B.C., Canada.

               ISBN 1-55212-668-4. 541 p. [ see abstract & summary]

 

          Nyland, Edo.  2002.  Odysseus and the Sea Peoples: A

               Bronze Age History of Scotland  Trafford Publ., Victoria,

               B.C., Canada.  307 p.   [see abstract & summary].

 

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