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BIOLOGICAL PEST
CONTROL DATABASE
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Background &
Overview Ecological Considerations Behavior,
Ontogeny & Reproduction in Natural Enemies
Techniques Employed in Implementation Special
Research Groups & Integrated Control
Populations
Evaluation of Natural Enemies Detailed
Cases of BioControl
References
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Section
1 <bc-1.htm> Introduction & Scope of Biological Pest
Control Economics. Important Terms References Section
2 <bc-2.htm> History of Biological
Control
Biological Control in the 18th Century Biological Control in the Early 19th
Century Biological Control in the Late 19th
Century Historical Summary References Section
3 <bc-3.htm> Biological
Characteristics of Arthropophagous Arthropods. Hyperparasitism,
Autoparasitism, Multiple Parasitism, etc. The Imago or Adult Parasitoid. Mating. Ovigenesis. Ovisorption References Section
4 <bc-4.htm> Organizations Active in
Biological Control
International Institute of Biological
Control L'Organisation Internationale de Lutte
Biologique. United States Department of Agriculture Individual Countries Suppliers of
Biological Control Organisms References Section
5 <bc-5.htm> Economic
Gains from Biological Control Cost Effectiveness Biological Control From Naturally
Occurring Organisms Estimation of the Benefits and Costs of
Classical Biological Control Analysis of Successes in
Biological Control
Multiple Versus "The Best"
Species Clausen's 3-Host Generation/
3-Year Rule Single Larval Parasitoid Importations. Single Pupal Parasitoid Generalizations. Pest Groups Natural Enemy Groups References Section
6 <bc-6.htm> Complexities Stimulation to Theories in Population
Dynamics and Ecology Future of Integrated Control Future of Insect Pathology Future of Biological Weed Control Future of Biological Control of Medically
Important Pests. References ECOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Section
7 <bc-7.htm> The
Role of Parasitoids and Predators in Natural Control Examples of Stability Measuring the Force of Natural Control Nature of Parasitism Occurrence of Parasitoidism in Insects Taxonomic Groups Important to Biological
Control General Ecology of Parasitoids Reproductive Strategies. Conclusions Exercises References Section
8 <bc-8.htm> Climate
as a Factor in the Natural Control of Organisms Introduction and Discussion Examples (cherry fruit fly, face fly, red scale,
walnut aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid, Japanese beetle,
alfalfa weevil, black scale, Klamath weed, Mexican bean
beetle, American grizzly bear, aquatic weeds, house fly, eye
gnats) Conclusions... References Section
9 <bc-9.htm> Genetic
Considerations in Biological Control (Acquisition of Natural
Enemies, Breeding, Mass Releases) The Natural Population at its Origin Natural Enemy Introductions Improving Fitness of Natural Enemies Improving Tolerance to Pesticides Exercises References Section
10 <bc-10.htm> Extranuclear
Events Influencing Behavior and Fecundity in Parasitoids
and Other Animals Direct Effects of the
Cytoplasmic Genome Chemical Substances Affecting Behavior Muscidifurax
Parasitoid Complex Exercises References Section
11 <bc-11.htm> Homopterous Insects as Ideal Candidates Examples Demonstrating Precepts Cottony-cushion scale Florida red scale California red scale Olive scale Rhodesgrass scale Walnut aphid Orb-weaving spiders The Importance of Single Species in Determining
the Average Abundance of Plants and
Animals Table 11.1 (Examples showing host
densities dependent on one or two species) Conclusions Exercises References Section
12 <bc-12.htm> Competitive
Displacement,
Exclusion and Coexistence. Mechanisms of Competitive Displacement Competitive Displacement of Non-homologues Competitive Displacement and Biological
Control Exercises References Section
13 <bc-13.htm> Habitat,
Host-finding and Host Acceptance Habitat Effects on Natural Enemies Characteristics of the Habitat that
Attract or Repel Natural Enemies Host Food Affects Suitability for Parasitization Other Influences of Habitat Habitat Diversity vs. Similarity Affects
Population Stability Manner and Place of Oviposition Exercises Section
14 <bc-14.htm> BEHAVIOR,
ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION IN NATURAL ENEMIES Section
15 <bc-15.htm> Parthenogenesis Cytology Exercises Section
16 <bc-16.htm> Arrhenotokous
/ Thelytokous Reproduction Sex Determination Cytology Genetics Early Hypotheses Modern Hypotheses Some Generalities in Arrhenotokous
Reproduction Androgenesis Polyploidy The R
locus Incompatibility Factors Functional Aspects of Arrhenotokous
Reproduction Extranuclear Inheritance and Polygenes in
Arrhenotoky Recombinant
Hymenopteran Males Estimations of the Number of Active Polygenic Loci Dominance Some Generalities in Thelytokous
Reproduction Exercises References Section
17 <bc-17.htm> Embryology
/ Ontogeny / Anatomy Early Stages of Ontogeny Organization of the Ripe Egg Development of the Egg Cleavage. Gastrulation Segmentation Prenatal Development in Hymenoptera
Specifically Egg Size & Shape Common Egg Shapes in Parasitoids Polyembryony in Hymenoptera Post Natal Development Larval Feeding Larval Respiration Larval Anatomy Hypermetamorphosis Prepupa Pupa Rate of Development Exit from the Host Male Reproductive System Exercises References Section
18 <bc-18.htm> Oogenesis-Ovisorption
(oosorption, egg resorption) General Characteristics Physiology of Ovigenesis-ovisorption Vitellogenesis (yolk formation) Classification of Hymenoptera by the
Female's Reproductive System Variability in Ovisorption Process among
Hymenoptera Ovisorption Rate Effect of Ovisorption on Longevity Work on Nasonia vitripennis Exercises. References Section
19 <bc-19.htm> Spermatheca and
Spermathecal Gland Types of Spermathecae in Hymenoptera Sex Regulation Considerations Exercises References Section
20 <bc-20.htm> Behavioral,
Ecological and Physiological Factors affecting the Sex Ratio Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena Topographical Environment Humidity & Light Intensity Host Size Host Availability Host / Parasitoid Density Mating Delayed & Interrupted Oviposition Heteronomous Parasitoids Theoretical Considertions Physiological Phenomena High Temperature Low Temperature Nutritional Influences Age Paternal Sex Ratio Section
21 <bc-21.htm> Determination
of Progeny Number Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena Courtship & Copulation Host Location Host Attack & Paralysis Host Preferences Host Transport Oviposition Restraint Host / Parasitoid Density Temperature Larval Competition Physiological phenomena Nutrition (host-feeding) Temperature Humidity Selective Breeding Mating Ovisorption
& Ovulation Effects Glands Genetic and Extrachromosomal
Phenomena Exercises References Section
22 <bc-22.htm> Incumbered Host
Defenses Exercises References Section
23 <bc-23.htm> Diapause
in Developmental Stages and the Imago Photoperiod Direct & Indirect Action Perception Photoperiodicity in Geographic Races Seasonal Forms Sensitive Stages Induction Characteristics of Diapause Termination Diapause in Parasitic Insects Endocrine Processes Involved Theories & Experiments Exercises References Section
24 <bc-24.htm> Characteristics Generalizations on Caste Determination Exercises References TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN
IMPLEMENTATION
Section
25 <bc-25.htm> Discovery
& Importation of Natural Enemies
(Foreign Exploration) Purpose & Need Foreign Collaborators Problems Encountered by Explorers from
Universities Choosing Targets and Procedure Maximizing Success Potential and Reducing
Risks Securing Natural Enemies in the Native
Range Searching Outside the Native Range Judgments of Natural Enemy Capability Terrestrial Vertebrates Phytophagous Arthropods &
Phytopathogens Terrestrial Scavengers Aquatic Vertebrates & Invertebrates Parasitic & Predaceous Arthropods Considerations on Geographical Origin of
the Pest Saissetia oleae Circulifer tenellus Heliothis zea Cydia pomonella Aonidiella aurantii Tetranychus spp. Phthorimaea operculella Nezara viridula Pectinophora gossypiella Misc. medically important Diptera Future Direction and Emphasis Conclusions Exercises References Section
26 <bc-26.htm> Integration
of Other Pest Control Methods Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Pest-Upset Versus Pest Resurgence Drawbacks of Chemical Control Factors Determining Physical Selectivity Conditions
Favoring the Adoption of Biological Control Strategies Political & Economic Framework For Biological
Control Research Allocation For Research The Political Economy of Biological
Control Research & Research Needs Socio-Economics of Biological Control References Section
27 <bc-27.htm> Quarantine Procedures
Establishing Quarantine Facilities Protocol in Quarantine Operations References |
Section
28 <bc-28.htm> Culture
of Hosts For Natural Enemies Host Food Contaminants Intraspecific Competition Genetic Considerations Physical Environment Behavior Techniques Quality Exercises References to Chapt. 28, 29 & 30 <bc-30.ref Section
29 <bc-29.htm> Contamination Genetic Change & Diversity Entomophaga / Host Interactions (Host Type
& Quality) Sex-ratio Changes Rearing Density Behavior Techniques Exercises References to Chapt. 28, 29 & 30 <bc-30.ref> Section
30 <bc-30.htm> Colonization
of Natural Enemies Liberation Procedure Sampling
and Distribution (devices) Factors Influencing Establishment Exercises References to Chapt. 28,
29 & 30 <bc-30.ref> INTEGRATED CONTROL Section
31 Biological Control of Coccidae
<bc-31.htm> References Section
32 Biological Control in Deciduous Orchards Introduction Management of Secondary Pests Classical Biological Control References Section 33 Biological Control in Tropical &
Subtropical Orchards References Section
34 Biological Control in Forests <bc-34.htm> Strategies in Forest Biological Control Importation of Natural Enemies For
Introduced Pests Importation of Natural Enemies For
Native Pests Augmentation of Natural Enemies Conservation of Natural Enemies Biological Control Organizations in
Forestry Detailed Examples Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera References <bc-34.ref> Section
35 Biological Control in Glasshouses
<bc-35.htm> Vegetable Crops Ornamental Plants References Section
36 Biological Control of Arthropods in Grapes <bc-36.htm> Introduction Homoptera Acari Lepidoptera Coleoptera Thysanoptera References Section
37 Biological Control of Medical & Veterinary Pests Hymenoptera Illustrated key to parasitoids of
synanthropic flies: References: bcdipt.ref
Extended References: Section
38 Biological Control of Noxious Plants & Weeds Classical Biological Control Introducing New Natural Enemies For
Biological Control Conservation of Biological Control
Organisms Augmentation of Natural Enemies History of Plant Control with Natural
Enemies Scope of Biological Noxious Plant
Control Biological Control Organizations in
Noxious Plant Control Plant-Feeding Insect
Biology Establishing Phytophagous Biological
Control Agents Phytophagous Insect Feeding Habits Specificity to Host Plant Evolution Host Plant Ranges Analysis of Biological Control
Projects Herbivore Ecological Attributes Plant Attributes Phytotoxins from Plant
Pathogens References Section
42 Biological Control of Arthropods in
Range, Forage & Grain Crops <bc-42.htm> References Section
43 Biological Control of Arthropods in Row
& Short- term Crops <bc-43.htm> Dynamics in Short Term Crops Natural Control in Short Term Crops Classical Biological Control in Short
Term Crops References Section
44 Biological Control of Tephritidae
<bc-44.htm> Introduction Specific Examples References Section
39 Biological
Control in Cities & Towns <bc-39.htm> Introduction
Species Targeted For Biological Control References Section
40 Biological
Control of and by Acarina
<bc-40.htm> Introduction Acarina for Biological Control of
Phytophagous Mites Acarina for Biological Control of
Armored Scale Insects Acarina in the Marine Environment References Section
41 Biological Control of Plant Pathogens <bc-41.htm> References Section
45 Biological Control of and Implementing
Vertebrates References Section
46 Pesticide Resistance in Beneficial
Organisms <bc-46.htm> Documentation Bias Differential Preadaptation Differences in Population Ecology References Section
47 Natural Enemies
in Integrated Control <bc-47.htm> References Section
48 Enhancing Natural Enemy Impact
<bc-48.htm> Augmentation Conservation Monitoring Populations Rearing Natural Enemies References Section 49 Augmentive & Inundative Strategies
With Natural Enemies <bc-49.htm> Misc. natural enemies Biological Control and Plant
Resistance References Section
50 Biological Control Using Pathogens
<bc-50.htm> Introduction Viruses Bacteria Fungi Nematodes Protozoa References: <bc-50.ref> Section 51 Taxonomy
of Natural Enemies <bc-51.htm> Importance of Taxonomy to Biological
Control Natural Enemy Identification Biological Control Contributions to
Taxonomy Sources of Taxonomic Expertise General References Keys
to Principal Families : <keys.htm> Principal Groups of Insect
Parasites & Predators To view details of behavior and
illustrations of adult & immature insects, CLICK on <TAXNAMES> . For Key references on biologies, CLICK on <biology.ref.htm> Section 51-B Morphology
of Insects (for Natural Enemy Identification) Section
52 Autocidal & Pheromonal Control <bc-52.htm> References Section
53 Cultural Control Methods <bc-53.htm> Section
54 Selective Use of Pesticides <bc-54.htm> References Section 55 Plant Resistance <bc-55.htm> References Section
56 Predator Biology & Ecology
<bc-56.htm> References Section
57 Nutrition of Natural Enemies
<bc-57.htm> History Utilization of Food Nutritional Requirements in Development Predator Culture In Vitro Parasitoid Culture In Vitro Adult Entomophage Nutrition Continuous Culture on Artificial Media Contemporary Applications References Section
58 Environmental Management <bc-58.htm> Introduction Types of Environmental Management
Mechanisms Involved in Enhancing Natural Enemies Theoretical Aspects of Management References Section
58B Biological Control in the Nearctic North
of Mexico <bc-58B.htm> [in process] References: <bc-58B.ref.htm> Section
59 Biological Control in Australasia
<bc-59.htm> References: <bc-59.ref.htm> Section
60 Biological Control in China & Korea <bc-60.htm>
{in process] References: <bc-60.ref.htm> Section
61 Biological Control in the Ethiopian
Region <bc-61.htm> [in
process] References: <bc-61.ref.htm> Section
62 Biological Control in Eurasia
<bc-62.htm> References: <bc-62.ref.htm> Section
62B Biological Control in India
<bc-62B.htm> References: <bc-62B.ref.htm> Section
63 Biological Control in the Middle East
<bc-63.htm> References: <bc-63.ref.htm> Section
64 Biological Control in Japan
<bc-64.htm> References: <bc-64.ref.htm> Section
65 Biological Control in Southeast Asia
<bc-65.htm> References: <bc-65.ref.htm> Section
66 Biological Control in the Neotropics
<bc-66.htm> Consequences of Pesticide Use in the
Neotropics Biological Control Results in Specific
Countries Biological Control Organizations Potential Biological Control Successes
in the Neotropics References: <bc-66.ref.htm> Section
67 Biological Control in Pacific Islands
<bc-67.htm> [in
process] References: <bc-67.ref.htm> Section
68 Naturally Occurring Biological Control in
Canada References Section
69 Naturally Occurring Biological Control in
the Eastern United States <bc-69.htm> References Section
70 Naturally Occurring Biological Control in
the Western United States <bc-70.htm> References Section
71 Population
Theories. <bc-71.htm> Single Species Populations Interspecific Competition Host-Parasitoid Systems Host-Pathogen Systems Multispecies Systems Searching in Animals Generalities on Modeling of Arthropod
Populations References
<bc-71.ref.htm> Special Problems in Population Dynamics
<problems.htm> Section
72 Life Tables and Evaluation of Natural Enemies Introduction Definitions & Data Collection Kinds of Data in Life Tables Use For Biological Control Systems Assessing Quantitative Impact of Natural
Enemies Ecological Roles For Natural Enemies Analysis Experimental
Designs For Life Tables Applications to Natural Enemies Other
Than Parasitoids General References <bc-72.ref.htm> Section
73 Experimental Techniques to Evaluate Natural
Enemies <bc-73.htm> Techniques For Evaluation Methods For Detecting
Predation/Parasitism Molecular Techniques General
References <bc-73.ref.htm> POOLED REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIES |