
Publications
Pastore, R.E., Schmuckler, M.A., Rosenblum, L.D. and Szczesuil,
R. (1983). Duplex perception with musical stimuli. Perception
and Psychophysics, 33, 469-474.
Pastore, R.E., Szczesuil, R., and Rosenblum, L. (1984). Does
silence simply separate speech components? Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, 75, 1904-1907.
Carello, C., Rosenblum, L.D., and Grosofsky, A. (1986). Static
depiction of movement. Perception, 15, 41-58.
Turvey, M.T., Rosenblum, L.D., Schmidt, R.C., and Kugler, P.N.
(1986). Fluctuations and phase symmetry in coordinated rhythmic
movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
and Performance, 12, 564-583.
Rosenblum, L.D., Carello, C., Pastore, R.E. (1987). Relative
effectiveness of three stimulus variables for locating a moving
sound source. Perception, 16, 175-186.
Turvey, M.T., Schmidt, R.C., Rosenblum, L.D., and Kugler, P.N.
(1988). On the time allometry of coordinated rhythmic movements.
Journal of Theoretical Biology, 130, 285-325.
Rosenblum, L.D. and Turvey, M.T. (1988). Maintenance tendency
in coordinated rhythmic movements: Relative fluctuations and
phase. Neuroscience, 27, 289-300.
Turvey, M.T., Schmidt, R.A., and Rosenblum, L.D. (1989). 'Clock'
and 'Motor' components in absolute coordination of rhythmic movements.
Neuroscience, 33, 1-10.
Kugler, P.N., Turvey, M.T., Schmidt, R.C. and Rosenblum, L.D.
(1990). Investigating a nonconservative invariant of motion in
coordinated rhythmic movements. Ecological Psychology, 2(2),
151-189.
Bingham, G.P., Schmidt, R.C., and Rosenblum, L.D. (1990). Hefting
for maximum distance thrown: A smart perceptual mechanism. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
15, 507-528.
Fowler, C.A. and Rosenblum, L.D. (1991). Perception of the phonetic
gesture. In I.G. Mattingly and M. Studdert-Kennedy (Eds.), Modularity
and the Motor Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
Fowler, C.A. and Rosenblum, L.D. (1991). Duplex perception: A
comparison of monosyllables and slamming doors. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 16, 742-754.
Bingham, G.P., Schmidt, R.C., Turvey, M.T., and Rosenblum, L.D.
(1991). Task dynamics and resource dynamics in the assembly of
a coordinated rhythmic activity. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and Performance. 17, 359-381.
Rosenblum, L.D. and Fowler, C.A. (1991). Audio-visual investigation
of the loudness-effort effect for speech and nonspeech stimuli.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
17 (4) 976-985.
Rosenblum, L.D., and Saldaña, H.M. (1992). Discrimination
tests of visually-influenced syllables. Perception and Psychophysics.
52 (4), 461-473.
Rosenblum, L.D., Saldaña, H.M., and Carello, C. (1993).
Dynamical constraints on pictorial action lines. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 19 (2) 381-396.
Saldaña, H.M. and Rosenblum, L.D. (1993). Visual influences
on auditory pluck and bow judgments. Perception and Psychophysics.
54 (3), 406-416.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1993). Acoustical information for controlled
collisions. In A. Schick (Ed.), Contributions to Psychological
Acoustics. Oldenburg, Germany: Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem
der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg.
Rosenblum, L.D., Wuestefeld, A.P., and Saldaña, H.M (1993).
Auditory Looming Perception: Influences on Anticipatory Judgments.
Perception. 22, 1467-1482.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1994). How special is audiovisual speech integration?
Current Psychology of Cognition. 13(1), 110-116.
Saldaña, H.M. and Rosenblum, L.D. (1994). Selective adaptation
in speech perception using a compelling audiovisual adaptor.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 95(6), 3658-3661.
Bingham, G.P., Rosenblum, L.D., and Schmidt, R.C. (1995). Dynamics
and the orientation of kinematic forms in visual event recognition.
In press at Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception
and Performance. 21(4), 1473-1493.
Rosenblum, L.D. and Saldaña, H.M. (1996). An audiovisual
test of kinematic primitives for visual speech perception. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
22(2), 318-331.
Rosenblum, L.D., Wuestefeld, A.P., and Anderson, K.L. (1996).
Auditory reachability: An affordance approach to the perception
of sound source distance. Ecological Psychology. 8(3), 1-24.
Rosenblum, L.D., Johnson, J. A., and Saldaña, H.M. (1996).
Visual kinematic information for embellishing speech in noise.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 39(6), 1159-1170.
Rosenblum, L.D., Schmuckler, M.A., and Johnson, J.A. (1997).
The McGurk effect in infants. Perception & Psychophysics,
59(3), 347-357.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Saldaña, H.M. (1998). Time-varying
information for visual speech perception. In R. Campbell, B.
Dodd, D. Burnham (Eds.), Hearing by Eye: Part 2, The Psychology
of Speechreading and Audiovisual Speech. pp. 61-81. Earlbaum:
Hillsdale, NJ
Rosenblum, L.D., Yakel, D.A., & Greene, K.G. (2000). Face and mouth inversion affects on visual and audiovisual speech perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 26(3), 806-819.
Rosenblum, L.D., Gordon, M.S., & Jarquin, L. (2000). Echolocation by moving and stationary listeners. Ecological Psychology, 12 (3), 181-206.
Rosenblum, L.D., Gordon, M.S. & Wuestefeld, A.P. (2000).
Effects of performance feedback and feedback withdrawal on auditory
looming perception. Ecological Psychology, 12 (4), 273-291.
Yakel, D.A., Rosenblum, L.D., & Fortier, M.A. (2000). Effects
of talker variability on speechreading. Perception & Psychophysics,
62, 1405-1412.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Yakel, D.A. (2001). The McGurk effect
from single and mixed speaker stimuli. Acoustic Research Letters
Online, 2, 67-72.
Gordon, M.C. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2001). Audiovisual Speech
Web-Lab: An Internet Teaching and Research Laboratory. Behavioral
Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. 33(2), 267-269.
Rosenblum, L.D., Yakel, D.A., Baseer, N., Panchal, A., Nordarse,
B.C. & Niehus, R.P. (2002). Visual speech information for
face recognition. Perception & Psychophysics, 64(2), 220-229.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2002). The perceptual basis of audiovisual
speech integration. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference
on Spoken Language Processing, 3, 1461-1464.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2004). Perceiving articulatory events: Lessons
for an ecological psychoacoustics. In J.G. Neuhoff (ed.) Ecological
Psychoacoustics . Elsevier: San Diego, CA. pp. 219-248.
Gordon, M.S. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2004). Perception of acoustic
sound-obstructing surfaces using body-scaled judgments. Ecological
Psychology, 16 , 87-113.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2005). The primacy of multimodal speech perception. In D. Pisoni & R. Remez (Eds.). Handbook of Speech Perception . Blackwell: Malden, MA. pp. 51-78.
Gordon, M.S. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2005). Effects of Intra-Stimulus Modality Change on Audiovisual Time-to-Arrival Judgments. Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 580-594.
Rosenblum, L.D., Smith, N.M., Nichols, S. Lee, J. & Hale, S. (2006). Hearing a face: Cross-modal speaker matching using isolated visible speech. Perception & Psychophysics, 68, 84-93.
Rosenblum, L.D., Smith, N.M. & Niehus, R.P. (2007). Look who's talking: Recognizing friends from visible articulation. Perception, 36, 157-159.
Rosenblum, L.D., Miller, R.M. & S.K. (2007). Lipread me now, hear me better later: Crossmodal transfer of talker familiarity effects. Psychological Science, 18, 392-396.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Robart, R.L. (2007). Hearing silent shapes: Identifying the shape of a sound-obstructing surface. Ecological Psychology, 19, 351-366.
MANUSCRIPTS UNDER REVIEW AND IN PREPARATION
Yakel, D.A., Rosenblum, L.D., Smith, N., & Burns, D. (in
preparation). Salience of time varying information for visual
speech perception. To be submitted to Perception & Psychophysics.
Rosenblum, L.D., & Smith, N. (in preparation). Look who's
talking: Recognizing friends from visible articulation. To be
submitted to Psychological Science.
TECHNICAL REPORTS
Bingham, G.P., Schmidt, R.C., and Rosenblum, L.R. (1986). Perceiving
the object throwable for maximum distance versus the size-weight
illusion: The methodological myth of special access. Perceiving-Acting
Workshop Review, 1, 11-12.
Rosenblum, L.D. and Turvey, M.T. (1986). Fluctuation measures
of the maintenance tendency. Perceiving-Acting Workshop Review,
1, 13-16.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1987). Towards an ecological alternative to the
motor theory of speech perception. Perceiving-Acting Workshop
Review, 2, 25-28.
Rosenblum, L.D., Saldaña, H.M., and Carello, C. (1990).
Dynamical constraints on pictorial action lines. Perceiving-Acting
Workshop Review, 4, 12-15.
Wuestefeld, A.P. & Rosenblum, L.D.
(1996). Perceptual learning in an auditory time to arrival task.
University of California, Riverside Cogntive Science Technical
Report #UCR.96.011.
Carello, C. and Rosenblum, L.D. (1982). The static depiction
of dynamic events. Paper presented at the 4th meeting of the International
Society for Ecological Psychology, Long Island, NY, October 23.
Pastore, R.E., Szczesuil, R., Rosenblum, L.D., and Schmuckler,
M.A. (1982). When is a [p] a [t] and when is it not? Paper presented
at the 104th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Orlando,
FL, August 13-16.
Szczesuil, R., Pastore, R.E., and Rosenblum, L.D. (1983). Perception
of sine-wave analogs to individual formants of CV syllables. Paper
presented at the 105th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America,
Cincinnati, OH, May 17-21.
Rosenblum, L.D. and Carello, C. (1983). The static depiction of
dynamic events: 'natural' versus 'arbitrary' devices. Poster presented
at the 54th annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association,
Philadelphia, PA, April 6-9.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1984). Locating a moving sound source. Poster
presented at the 6th meeting of the International Society for
Ecological Psychology, Hartford, CT, May 26.
Rosenblum, L.D. and Turvey, M.T. (1984). Coordinated rhythmic
movement: von Holst revisited. Poster presented at the 7th meeting
of the International Society for Ecological Psychology, Binghamton,
NY, October 26-27.
Rosenblum, L.D., Schmidt, R.C., and Turvey, M.T. (1985). Fluctuations
and phase in coordinated rhythmic movements. Poster presented
at the 8th meeting of the International Society for Ecological
Psychology, Hartford, CT, October 19.
Bingham, G.P., Schmidt, R.C., and Rosenblum, L.D. (1987). Smart
perceptual mechanisms: Hefting for maximum distance throws. Paper
presented at the 11th meeting of the International Society for
Ecological Psychology, Atlanta, GA, May 22.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1987). Dynamics and the acoustic perception of
human action. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference
on Event Perception and Action, Trieste, Italy, August 24-28.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1988). An audio-visual investigation of the loudness/effort
effect for speech and nonspeech events. Paper presented at the
116th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Honolulu,
HI, November 14-18.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1989). An audio-visual investigation of linguistic
stress perception. Paper presented at the 117th meeting of the
Acoustical Society of America, Syracuse, NY, May 22-26.
Rosenblum, L.D. and Saldaña, H.M. (1990). An AXB discrimination
test of McGurk effect stimuli. Paper presented at the 120th meeting
of the Acoustical Society of America, San Diego, CA, November
26-30.
Saldaña, H.M. and Rosenblum, L.D. (1990). A non-speech
replication of the McGurk effect using pluck and bow stimuli.
Paper presented at the 120th meeting of the Acoustical Society
of America, San Diego, CA, November 26-30.
Rosenblum, L.D., Saldaña, H.M., and Carello, C. (1991).
Dynamical constraints on pictorial action lines. Paper presented
at the 6th International Conference on Event Perception and Action,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 26-30.
Rosenblum, L.D., and Saldaña, H.M. (1991). An AXB discrimination
test of visually-influenced syllables. Paper presented at the
6th International Conference on Event Perception and Action, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands, August 26-30.
Wuestefeld, A.P., Rosenblum, L.D., & Saldaña, H.M.
(1992). Auditory looming perception: Influences on anticipatory
judgments. Paper presented at the 124th meeting of the Acoustical
Society of America, San Diego, CA, October 31 - November 4.
Saldaña, H.M, Rosenblum, L.D., & Osinga, T. (1992).
Visual influences on heard speech syllables with a reduced visual
image. Paper presented at the 124th meeting of the Acoustical
Society of America, San Diego, CA, October 31 - November 4.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1993). Issues in Auditory Looming. Paper presented
at the 7th International Conference on Event Perception and Action,
Vancouver, Canada, August 9-13.
Wuestefeld, A.P. & Rosenblum, L.D. (1993). Hearing What is
Reachable. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference
on Event Perception and Action, Vancouver, Canada, August 9-13.
Johnson, J.A., Rosenblum, L.D., & Saldaña, H.M (1994).
The contribution of a reduced visual image to speech perception
in noise. Paper presented at the 127th meeting of the Acoustical
Society of America, Cambridge, MA, June 6 - 10.
Saldaña, H.M & Rosenblum, L.D. (1994). Voice information
in auditory form-based priming. Paper presented at the 127th meeting
of the Acoustical Society of America, Cambridge, MA, June 6 -
10.
Wuestefeld, A.P. & Rosenblum, L.D. (1995). The effects of
feedback in auditory looming tasks. Paper presented at the 129th
meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Washington, DC,
May 30 - June 3.
Johnson, J.A., Rosenblum, L.D., & Schmuckler, M.A. (1995).
The McGurk effect in infants. Paper presented at the 129th meeting
of the Acoustical Society of America, Washington, DC, May 30 -
June 3.
Yakel, D.A., Rosenblum, L.D., Green, K.P., Bosley, C.L., &
Vasquez, R.A. (1995). The effect of face and lip inversion on
audiovisual speech integration. Paper presented at the 129th meeting
of the Acoustical Society of America, Washington, DC, May 30 -
June 3.
Johnson, J.A. & Rosenblum, L.D. (1996). Hemispheric specialization
for point-light McGurk effects. TENNET VII, Seventh Annual Conference
on Theoretical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Montreal, Quebec.
Yakel, D.A. & Rosenblum, L.D. (1996). Visual Speech Information
for Face Identification. Poster presented at CogSci96, La Jolla,
Ca, July 12-15.
Johnson, J.A. & Rosenblum, L.D. (1996). Hemispheric difference
in perceiving and integrating dynamic visual speech information.
Poster presented at the 132nd meeting of the Acoustical Society
of America, Honolulu, HI, December, 2-6.
Johnson, J.A. & Rosenblum, L.D. (1996). Face identification
using visual speech information. Poster presented at the 132nd
meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Honolulu, HI, December,
2-6.
Gordon, M.S. , Rosenblum, L.D. & Jarquin, L. (1998). Echolocation by moving and stationary listeners. Poster presented at the 135th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Seattle, WA, June, 1.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1999). Reconsidering the information for faces. Symposium Paper presented at the 10th International conference for Event Perception, Edinburgh, Scotland, August, 13.
Gordon, M.S. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2000). Perception of acoustic occlusion using body-scaled judgments. Poster presented at the 139th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Atlanta, GA, June, 1.
Norrix, L., M., Oved, I. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2000). Audiovisual context effects in a speech and nonspeech condition. Poster presented at the 139th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Atlanta, GA, June, 2.
Yakel, D.A. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2000). Time-varying information for vowel identification in visual speech perception. Poster presented at the 140th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Newport Beach, CA, December, 4.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Nichols, S. (2000). Recognizing speakers from visual speech information. Talk presented at the meeting of the Psychonomics Society, New Orleans, LO, November, 19.
Gordon, M.S. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2000). Audiovisual Speech Web-Lab: A Prototype Teaching and Research Laboratory. Talk presented at the 10th meeting of the Society for Computers in Psychology, New Orleans, LO, November, 17.
Gordon, M.S. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2001). Perception of acoustic occlusion using body-scaled judgments. Poster presented at the 11th annual meeting of the International Conference on Perception and Action, Storrs, CT, June, 27-28.
Gordon, M.S. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2001). Optic and acoustic flow influences on auditory time-to-arrival judgments. Poster presented at the 11th annual meeting of the International Conference on Perception and Action, Storrs, CT, June, 27-28.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Gordon, M.S. (2001). The generality of specificity: Some lessons from audiovisual speech. Paper presented at the 11th annual meeting of the International Conference on Perception and Action, Storrs, CT, June, 29.
Scott, T.A. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2002). Perceptual and cognitive errors on aural surveys: The importance of recording bioacoustic data. Paper presented at the 3rd North American Ornithological Conference. New Orleans, LO, September, 25.
Gordon, M.S. & Rosenblum, L.D. (2002). Audiovisual time-to-arrival judgments: Testing the primacy of multimodal integration. Poster presented at the 1st Auditory Perception, Cognition and Action Meeting, Kansas City, MO, November, 21.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Smith, N.M. (2002). Informational similitude across auditory and visual speech. Talk presented at the 43rd meeting of the Psychonomics Society, Kansas City, MO, November, 22.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Smith, N.M. (2003). Idiolectic Information for
Cross-modal Speaker Recognition. Talk presented at the 44th meeting
of the Psychonomics Society, Vancouver, Canada, November, 7.
INVITED PAPERS & COLLOQUIA
Rosenblum, L.D. (1988). An ecological approach to speech perception.
Invited colloquium presented at the Wellesley College, February
8.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1988). An ecological approach to speech perception.
Invited colloquium presented at the Trinity College, February
16.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1988). An ecological approach to speech perception.
Invited colloquium presented at the University of California,
Riverside, February 25.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1989). Linguistic stress and the perception of
articulatory effort. Invited colloquium presented at the University
of California, Riverside, April 25.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1991). An ecological approach to speech perception.
Invited colloquium presented at the University of California,
Los Angeles, November 15.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1992). Ecological Psychology and Acoustic Event
Perception. Invited colloquim presented in the Department of Biology,
University of California, Riverside, March 15.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1993). Acoustical Information for Controlled
Collisions. Invited Paper Presented at the Symposium for Psychoacoustics
and Noise Evaluation, Oldenburg, Germany, August 30 - September
3.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1995). Audiovisual kinematic specification of
articulatory dynamics. Invited colloquium presented at the University
of California, Irvine, CA, January 25.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1995). Evidence for a specialization of audiovisual
speech perception. Invited colloquium presented at the University
of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, April, 28.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1995). Articulatory dynamics specified across
modalities. Invited Paper presented at the 8th International Conference
on Perception and Action, Marseille, France, July 14.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1997). Visual Speech and Face Recognition: Common Informational Attributes. Invited Paper presented at the Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, April 11.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1997). Visual Speech and Face Recognition: Common Informational Attributes. Invited Paper presented at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, April 21.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1997). Visual Speech and Face Recogntion: Common Informational Attributes. Invited Paper presented at Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, UK, May 27.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1997). Visual Speech and Face Recognition: Common Informational Attributes. Invited Paper presented at St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK, May 29.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1997). Visual Speech and Face Recognition: Common Informational Attributes. Invited Paper presented at University College London, London, UK, June, 5.
Rosenblum, L.D. (1999). Language from Faces and Faces from Language. Invited Paper presented at University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, March 6.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2000). Lipreading and face recogntion: A lesson for the brain. Invited Poster presented at the Congressional National Science Foundation Meeting, Washington, DC. May 17.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2000). Lipreading and face recognition: Common information. Invited Paper presented at the 27th International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden, July, 27.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2001). Language from Faces and Faces from Language. Invited Colloquium presented at the California Institute of Technology, February, 7.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2001). Language from Faces and Faces from Language. Invited Colloquium presented at Indiana University, April, 27.
Rosenblum, L.D. & Gordon, M.S. (2001). Hearing the Silent World. Invited Colloquium presented at Orange Coast College, May 18.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2002). The perceptual basis of audiovisual speech integration. Invited paper at the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, September, 19.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2002). Does modality matter? Some lessons
from audiovisual speech. Invited colloquium presented at the University
of California, Irvine, CA, December, 4.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2003). Informational basis for multimodal perception.
Invited paper presented at the Workshop on Multisensory Processing,
Los Angeles, CA, August, 13.
Rosenblum, L.D. (2005). Perceiving speech and speakers: Modal, informational,
and cosmic convergences. Invited paper presented at the ATR Symposium on the
Cross-modal Processing of Faces and Voices, Kyoto, Japan, January 17.
July, 1996 - June, 2001: Associate Professor University of
California, Riverside, CA
1989 - June, 1996: Assistant Professor University of California,
Riverside, CA
1988-1989: Instructor Wellesley College Wellesley, MA
1983-1988: Research Assistant Haskins
Laboratories New Haven, CT
MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:
Acoustical Society of America: 1985-present
International Society for Ecological Psychology: 1983-present
Psychonomic Society: 1999-present
Society for Computers in Psychology: May, 2000-present
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
Introductory Psychology; Perception; Cognition; Graduate Seminar
in Theories of Perception; Graduate Seminar in Speech Science;
Seminar in Acoustic Event Perception; Seminar in Psychology of
Faces
GRANTS:
1992 - 1996 - National Science Foundation Research Grant
"Audiovisual Kinematic Specification of Articulatory Dynamics"
1997 - 2001 - National Science Foundation Research Grant
"Visual Speech and Face Recognition: Common Informational
Attributes"
2001 - 2004 National Science Foundation Research Grant
"Cross-Modal Information for Speech and Speakers"
2007-2010 - National Institute of Health Research Grant
"Audiovisual Tests of Speech Alignment"
2007-2008 - National Federation of the Blind
"Hearing Quiet Cars"
AWARDS AND CHAIRS:
2004 - 2006 - Chair in Teaching Excellence UCR College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences