BIOLOGY OF PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA

G. Gordh, E. F. Legner and L. E. Caltagirone

Introduction 355

Important Anatomical Features of Parasitoids 356

Parasitic Hymenoptera Important in Biological Control 357

The Parasitica 357

Aculeata 360

Principal Aspects of Parasitoid Biology 360

Developmental Stages 360

Oogenesis-Ovisorption-Spermatogenesis 363

Sex Regulation 364

Host-Feeding 366

Diapause in Parasitoids 367

Genetics 367

Selective Breeding 368

Ecology of Parasitic Hymenoptera 368

Habitat Location 368

Host Location 369

Host Acceptance 369

Parasitoid Attack and Host Defenses 370

Host Suitability 370

Summary 370

References 371