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GLOSSARY
(Contacts)
Following are definitions of key
scientific terms, as derived primarily from Borror (1960), Borror et al. (current running dates),
Brown
(1954), Carpenter (1938), Dorland (1932), Hanson (1959), Henderson &
Henderson (1939), and Huber & Sharkey (1993)
[see
latter for illustrations], Jaeger (155), Jardine (1913), Pennak (1964), Smith (1906),
Snodgrass (1935), Torre-Bueno (1937), Tuxen
(1970)
and Tweney & Hughes (1940).
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<A terms>
abdomen (adj., abdominal). (Hymenoptera) The principal posterior
division of the body, posterior to the leg-bearing
segments
and composed of 10 or fewer apparent segments; in most Symphyra abdominal
segment 1 is easily
recognized
by its median split (cf. metasoma, propodeum).
The posterior of three body regions.
abscissa (pl. abscissae). A segment of a wing vein that is delimited
by the intersection of other veins.
accessory vein
An extra branch of a longitudinal vein (indicated by a subscript a; for
example, an accessory of M, is designated Ml.
accessory pulsatile organ Contractile organs that function to move hemolymph into and out
of appendages.
accessory cell.
A closed cell in the front wing of Lepidoptera formed by the fusion of 2
branches of the radius, usually
the
R-2 cell
accessory gland
A secretory organ associated with the reproductive system; a gland
associated with reproductive
organs
or either males of females and producing substances accompanying the sperm or
eggs.
accessory pulsatile organ.
Contractile organs that function to move hemolymph into and out of
appendages.
accessory vein.
An extra branch of a longitudinal vein (indicated by a subscript
"a").
acrosternite.
The portion of a sternum anterior to the antecostal suture.
acrostichal bristles.
One or more longitudinal rows of small bristles along the center of the
mesonotum in Diptera.
acrotergite.
The portion of a tergum anterior to the antecostal suture.
aculea (pl., aculeae). Minute spines on the wing membrane in
Lepidoptera.
aculeate. With aculea in
Lepidoptera or a sting in Hymenoptera.
acuminate. Tapering to a long
point.
acute Pointed; forming an
angle of less than 90°. Sharply angled, less than 90°
adecticous
A type of pupa in which the mandibles are immovable and nonfunctional.
adfrontal areas.
A pair of narrow oblique sclerites on the head of a lepidopterous larva.
adventitious vein A
secondary vein, neither accessory nor intercalary, usually the result of cross
veins lined up to form
a
continuous vein. A wing vein that is
not homologized with a standard wing vein.
aedeagus. The sclerotized
median intromittent organ of a male insect.
The male intromittent organ; the distal part of
the
phallus; penis plus parameres.
aeropile. the opening in the
chorion (egg shell) through which air enters, often covered by a plastron.
aestivation.
Dormancy during a warm or dry season.
agamic. Reproducing
parthenogenetically (without mating).
alinotum. The notal plate of
the mesothorax or metathorax of a pterygote insect.
allometric growth.
A genetically determined tendency for a certain body part to grow at a
more rapid rate than other
parts.
allomone. An external
chemical signal that acts between different species to benefit the producer;
e.g., to repel a
predator
or parasitoid.
alula (pl., alulae). A lobe at the base of the wing in Diptera;
see calypter.
ametabolous Without
metamorphosis (= changing little in form during the course of growth and
molting).
amphipneustic. Only prothoracic and posterior abdominal
spiracles present.
anal Pertaining to the last abdominal segment (which bears the anus!;
the posterior basal part Ifor example, of the wing.
anal crossing.
Where A branches posteriorly from Cu+A in Odonata.
anal cell. A cell in the anal
area of the wing; cell 1A of Diptera.
anal area of the wing
The posterior portion of the wing, usually including the anal veins.
anal lobe. A lobe in the
posterior basal part of the wing.
anal loop. A group of cells
in the hind wing of dragonflies between Cu-2, 1A, and 2A which may be rounded,
elongated
or foot-shaped.
analogy Similarity in
function filling a common need but having a different evolutionary origin.
anamorphosis.
Development of an organism in which one or more body segments are added
posteriorly at each molt.
anapleurite.
The upper and outer of the two incomplete subcoxal rings that form the
thoracic pleurites.
anelli. ring-like segments
anelliform . ring-like
anellus. ring-like sgement
anemotaxis.
Orientation with respect to currents in the air.
anepimeron.
The portion of the anapleurite posterior to the pleural suture.
anepisternum.
The portion of the anapleurite anterior to the pleural suture.
anisomorphal.
A defensive allomone of the walkingstick Anisomorpha.
annulate. Ringed; formed in
ring-like segments or color patterns.
annulated With ringlike
segments or divisions.
anteapical Just proximad of the apex.
anteapical cell.
A cell in the distal part of the wing of leafhoppers.
anteapical.
Just proximal of the apex.
anteclypeus.
An anterior division of the clypeus.
antecosta (pl., antecostae). An internal ridge on the anterior portion of
a tergum or sternum that serves as the site of
attachment
of the longitudinal muscles.
antecostal sclerite.
A sclerite of the metasternum, just anterior to the hind coxae.
antecostal suture.
An external groove that marks the position of the internal antecosta.
antecoxal sclerite A
sclerite of the metasternum, just anterior to the hind coxae.
antenna (pl., antennae;
adj., antennal). A paired, segmented sensory appendage of the
head between the compound
eyes,
which consists of 3 segments having intrinsic muscles and usually sensory in
function.
antennal club The enlarged distal segments of a clubbed antenna.antennal
fossa. A cavity or depression in which
the
antennae
are located.
antennal groove.
A groove in the head capsule into which the basal segment of the antenna
fits.
antennule The first antennae of Crustacea.
antenodal cross veins.
Cross veins along the costal border of the wing, between the base of the
wing and the nodus,
extending
from the costa to the radius (Odonata).
antepenultimate.
The 3rd from the last.
antepygidial bristle.
One or more large bristles on the apical margin of the 7th (next to
last) tergum in Siphonaptera.
anterior. Front; in front
of.
antepygidial bristle
One or more large bristles on the apical margin of the seventh (next to
the last) tergum
(Siphonaptera).
anterior Front; in front of.
anterior cross vein.
The r-m cross vein in Diptera.
anterodorsal In the front and at the top or upper side.
anteromesal.
In the front and along the midline of the body.
anteroventral.
In the front and underneath or on the lower side.
antibiosis.
Any deleterious effect on insect survival resulting from feeding on a
resistant host.
anus. The posterior
opening of the alimentary tract.
aorta. A blood-containing
tube in insects that extends forward from the heart and is open anteriorly
(nonpulsatile
portion
of the dorsal blood vessel). The
anterior nonpulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel.
apex (pl., apices;
adj., apical, apico-). Part of a structure most remote from its
point of attachment to the body.
apical At the end, tip, or
outermost part.
apical cell.
A cell near the wing tip
apical cross vein.
A cross vein enar the apex of the wing (Plecoptera, Homoptera).
apodeme An invagination of
the body wall forming a rigid process that serves for muscle attachment and for
the
strengthening
of the body wall. apolysis The separation of the epidermis from the cuticle
(part of the process
of
moltingl. An invagination of the
exoskeleton that serves as a point of muscle attachment.
apolysis. Retraction of the epidermal
cells from the inner surface of the endocuticle, the first step in molting.
apophysis (pl., apophyses). A tubercular or elongated process of the
body wall, either external or internal.
aposematism.
Possession of vivid coloration that identifies an insect as having
distasteful or unpleasant properties.
appendix. A supplementary or
additional piece or part (eg., homopteran wing).
appetitive behavior.
Searching behavior of variable pattern, seeking an appropriate stimulus.
apposition eye.
A type of compound eye occuring in diurnal insects, in which each
ommatidium is surrounded by a
shield
of pigment.
apterous. Wingless
apterygote.
A wingless insect of a group believed never to have had wings in its
history (primitively wingless
hexapod).
aquatic. Living in water.
arcuate. Bent like a bow,
or arched.
arculus. A basal cross vein
between the radius and the cubitus in Odonata.
areola (pl., areolae;
adj., areolate). In Ichneumonidae, the median area of the propodeum
that is enclosed by ridges.
areole An accessory cell
Isee also basal areolel.
areolet. In Ichneumonidae,
the small cell in the center of the forewing (submarginal cell opposite the 2nd
m-cu cross vein); the 1st radial sector cell.
arista. A large bristle,
usually dorsally located, on the apical antennal segment in Diptera.
aristate. Bristlelike, with
an arista; aristate antenna.
arolium (pl., arolia). A pad-like median lobe between the tarsal
claws (also see pretarsus). A padlike
structure at the
apex
of the last tarsal segment, between the claws (Orthoptera); a padlike structure
at the base of each tarsal
claw
(Hemiptera).
arrhenotoky A
form of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from fertilized eggs,
males from unfertilized
eggs.
articulation.
A joint as between 2 segments or structures.
aspirator A device with which
insects may be picked up by suction.
associative learning.
Acquisition of the capacity to associate a stimulus with a reward (or
punishment).
asymmetrical
Not alike on the two sides.
asynchronous muscle A
rapidly contracting muscle in which the individual contractions are not
initiated by a neuronal
impulse
(compare synch‑onous orneurogenic musclel .
atrium (pl., atnal A
chamber; a chamber just inside a body opening.
atrophied Reduced in size, rudimentary.
attenuated.
Very slender and gradually tapering distally.
auricle. A small lobe or
earlike structure (Hymenoptera).
autocidal control.
The use of insects for self destruction, mostly by release of sterile
individuals.
autogenous.
In blood-feeding insects, the ability to produce eggs without taking
blood (as some mosquitoes).
auxiliary vein.
The subcosta (Diptera)
axilla (pl., axillae;
adj., axillar). In groups with a transscutal articulation,
posterolateral portion of the mesoscutum
separated
from the mesoscutum lateral to the scutellum; usually triangular (also see
scutum). A triangular or
rounded
sclerite laterad of the scutellum and usually just caudad of the base of the
front wing (Hymenoptera).
axillary cell
A cell in the anal area of the wing (Diptera & Hymenoptera)
axillary sclerite
A small sclerite at the wing base that articulates with the thorax.
axillary sclerites
The small sclerites at the base of the wing that translate deformations
of the thorax into movements.
axillula (pl., axillulae;
adj., axillular). In Chalcidoidea, the lateral subdivision of
the scutellum delimited by a
longitudinal
line.
axon. A fiber of a nerve
cell that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
<B terms>
binominal nomenclature
The system of naming organisms with two names, generic and
specific.
biological control The employment of biotic
agents, such as predators, parasitoids, and disease organisms, to control
populations.
band A transverse
marking broader than a line.
basal areole
A small cell at the base of the wing; the cell at the base of the wing
between Sc and R (Lepidoptera)
basal anal cell An anal cell near the wing base; a cell at the base of the wing
between IA and 2A (Plecoptera)
basal cell
A cell near the base of the wing, bordered at least in part by the
unbranched portions of the longitudinal
veins;
in the Diptera, one of the two cells proximad of the anterior cross vein and
the discal cell (Diptera).
basal vein A
vein in about the middle of the front wing, extending from the median vein to
the subcostal or cubital
vein;
the first free segment of M (Hymenoptera).
basalare lor basalar
sclerite1 An epipleurite located anterior to the pleural wing process.
base (pl., basal, basi-). Part of a structure closest to its point of
attachment to the body.
basement membrane
A noncellular membrane underlying the epidermal cells of the body wall.
basisternum That part of a thoracic sternum anterior to the sternacostal
suture.
basitibial plate.
In Apoidea, a small flat, hairless, raised region of the dorsal surface
of the metatibia at its base.
beak The protruding
mouthpart structures of a sucking insect; proboscis.
bifid Forked, or divided
into two parts.
bilateral symmetry See symmetry
bilobed Divided into two
lobes
biotic release The sudden release
of a population from its natural enemies, often resulting in a population
explosion.
biotype A population of a
species that differs genetically from another population with respect to host
affiliation (also
called
"host race").
bipectinate
Having branches on two sides like teeth of a comb.
biramous With two branches;
consisting of an endopodite and an exopodite ICrustaceal.
bisexual With males and
females.
bituberculate With two tubercles or swellings.
bivalved With two valves or
parts, clamlike.
bivoltine Having two
generations per year.
blastoderm The thin cellular
layer that surrounds the yolk of an egg.
bombyko The sex attractant
pheromone of the female silkworm moth.
blastoderm The
peripheral cell layer in the insect egg following cleavage.
book gills The leaflike gills of a horseshoe crab.
book lung A
respiratory cavity containing a series of leaflike folds Ispiders).
borrow pit A
pit formed by an excavation, where earth has been "borrowed" for use
elsewhere. boss A smooth lateral
prominence
at the base of a chelicera Ispiders).
brace vein A
slanting cross vein; in Odonata, a slanting cross vein just behind the proximal
end of the stigma.
brachypterous With short wings that do not cover the abdomen.
brain. anterior ganglion of
the nervous system, located above the esophagus; in insects composed of the
protocerebrum,
deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum.
brain hormone A
chemical messenger produced by neurosecretory cells in the brain that
activates the prothoracic
glands
to produce ecdysone jalso known as PTTH or prothoracicotropic hormone).
brevicomin An aggregation
pheromone of the bark beetle dendroctonus ore~icomis.
bridge cross vein A
cross vein anterior to the bridge vein
(Odonata).
bridge vein The vein that appears as the basal part of
the radial sector, by M, and the oblique vein (Odonata).
brood The individuals that hatch from the eggs laid by one mother;
individuals that hatch at about the same time and
normally
mature at about the same time.
bucca (pl., buccael) A sclerite on the head below the compound
eye and iust above the mouth opening (Diptera)
buccal cavity The opening
enclosed by the mouthparts, leading to the true mouth and the pharynx.
buccula (pl, bucculae) One of two ridges on the underside of the
head, on each side of the beak (Hemiptera).
bulla (pl., bullae). In Ichneumonidae, unpigmented area of a vein
where it is crossed by a wing fold or line of flexion.
bursa copulatrix A
pouch of the female reproductive system that receives the male genitalia
during copulation.
bursa copulatrix A pouch on the
median oviduct of the female that receives the aedeagus of the male.
bursicon The hormone
controlling tanning and expansion, produced by neurosecretory cells of the
brain.
bursicon A hormone involved
in the process of sclerotization.
<C terms>
caecum (pl., caecae) A saclike or tubelike structure, open at
only one end.
calamistrum One or two rows of curved spines on the metatarsus of the hind
legs of spiders.
calcaria Movable spurs at the
apex of the tibia.
callus (pl., callil A
rounded swelling.
calypter (pl.,
calypteres) One or two small lobes at
the base of the wing, located just above the haltere (Diptera) (also
called
squama).
camera lucida A
device enabling one to make accurate drawings of objects seen through a
microscope; when it is
attached
to the eyepiece of a microscope; the observer can see the object under the microscope
and his or her
drawing
paper at the same time.
campaniform sensillum
A sense organ consisting of a dome‑shaped portion of the cuticle
with associated sensory
neuron;
perceives stresses in the cuticle. A
sense organ consisting of a dome‑shaped cuticular area into which
the
sensory cell process is insertcd like the clapper of a bell.
campodeiform larva A
larva shaped like the dipluran Campodea (that
is, elongate and flattened), with well‑developed
legs
and antennae, and usually active.
cantharidin A defense
allomotle of blister beetles (also known as "Spanish fly").
capitate With an apical
knoblike enlargement; capitate antenna.
carapace A hard dorsal
covering consisting of fused dorsal sclerites (Crustacea)
cardo (pl., cardines) The basal segment or division of a maxilla;
one of two small laterobasal sclerites in the millipede
gnathochilarium.
cardo (pl., cardines). The basal part of the maxilla.
carina (pl., carinae;
adj., carinate). A ridge or raised line.
carinate Ridged or keeled.
carnivorous Feeding on the flesh of other animals.
caste A form or type of
adult in a social insect (termites &ants).
catapleurite The lower and inner of the two incomplete subcoxal rings that form
the thoracic pleurites lalso called the
catepleurite,
katepleurite, and coxopleurite.
catepimeron The portion of the catapleurite posterior to the pleural suture.
catepistetnum The portion of the catapleurite anterior to the pleural sulcus.
caterpillar An eruciform larva; the larva of a butterfly, moth, sawfly, or
scorpionfly.
caudad Toward the tail, or
toward the posterior end of the body.
caudal Pertaining to the
tail or posterior end of the body.
caudal filament A
threadlike process at the posterior end of the abdomen.
cell A space in the wing
membrane partly (an open celll or completely (a closed celll surrounded by
veins.
cell (of the wing) A
thin, membranous area surrounded by veins.
Cephalothorax. head + thorax
cercus (pl., cerci) An
antennalike sensory appendage arising from the posterior end of the abdomen.
cell. The area between
the veins of a wing; it is closed when completely surrounded by veins,
otherwise it is open.
cenchrus (pl., cenchri). In Symphyta, a paired circular, or oval
structure on the sublateral portion of the metascutum.
Roughened pad on the metanotum of sawflies
(Symphyta) serving to hold the wings in place when folded over
the
dorsum.
cephalad Toward the head or anterior
end.
cephalic On or attached to
the head; anterior.
cephalothorax A
body region consisting of head and thoracic segments (Crustacea and
Arachnida).
cercus (pl., cerci;
adj., cercal). A paired, posterior, sensory appendage of
the last (morphological 1/10th) abdominal
tergum,
which usually bears sevgeral setae.
With a reduction of the apical segments of the metasoma, the cerci
often
seem to be on a more anterior segment.
cercus (pl., cerci)
One of a pair of appendages at the posterior end of the abdomen.
cervical Pertaining to the
neck or cervix.
cervical sclerite A
sclerite located in the lateral part of the cervix, between the head and the
prothorax.
cervix The largely
membranous neck region of an insect, between head and thorax.
chaetotaxy The arrangement and nomenclature of the bristles on the
exoskeleton (Diptera).
cheek The lateral part of
the head between the compound eye and the mouth (see genai
chela (pl., chelae;
adj., chelate). In Dryinidae, the modified tarsus in which
the apical tarsomere forms a clasping
structure
with its opposable tarsal claw; a pincer.
chelate Pincerlike, having
two opposable claws.
chelicera (pl., chelicerae) One of the major
elements in the mouthparts of spiders and related arthropods; not jawlike,
but in
the form of fangs, pincers, or piercing organs.
chelicera (pl., chelicerae) One of
the anterior pair of appendages in arachnids.
cheliped A leg terminating in
an enlarged pincerlike structure (Crustacea).
chemoreceptor A
sensillum capable of detecting chemicals (by olfaction and/or gustationi.
chemoreceptor A sense organ
modified for the reception of chemical stimuli.
chemotaxis Orientarion with respect
to a chemical gradient.
chitin A nitrogenous
polysaccharide formed primarily of units of N‑acetyl glucosamine,
occurring in the cuticle of arthropods. The tough, insoluble polysaccharide
making up a major part of the insect procuticle
chordotonal organ A
sense organ, the cellular elements of which form an elongate structure attached
at both ends to
the
body wall.
chordotonal organ An elongate sense
organ attached to the inner surface of the body wall and sensitive to
stretching
and to
vibrations .
choriogenesis Formation of the
shell (chorion) of the egg.
chorion The outer shell of
an arthropod egg.
chrysalis (pl., chrysalids or chrysalides) The pupa of a butterfly.
cibarium A preoral cavity
enclosed by the labrum anterior, the hypopharynx or labium posteriorly, and
the mandibles
and
maxillae laterally.
circadian rhythm An endogenous
rhythm involving a response at about 24‑hour intervals .
circulatory virus A virus that circulates
within the body of an insect before being introduced into a new host.
cleptoparasite A l'thief
parasite," one that consumes the food stored by another insect in a nest.
climatic release Release of
climatic restraints, such as a period of favorable weather or entry into a
favorable region,
resulting
in population increase.
clypeus A sclerite on the
front of ~ne head, above the labrum.
coevolution An evolutionary
change in a trait of individuals of one population in response to a trait of
individuals of
a second
population, followed by an evolutionary response of the second population to a
change in the first.
colleterial gland An accessory gland
of the female that produces the ootheca.
communication The production of
a signal by an individual that influences the behavior of another individual
and that
is mutually
beneficial.
companionate planting
The intercropping of certain repellent plants with crop plants.
circumesophageal connective A nerve connecting the tritocerebral lobes
of the brain with the subesophageal ganglion.
class A subdivision of a
phylum or subphylum, containing a group of related orders.
claval lobe.
The posterior portion of a wing behind the claval fold and in front of
the jugal fold, when present (also see
jugal
lobe).
claval fold.
The furrow on the forewing jsut anterior to, and aprallel with, vein 1A,
and extending to the claval notch
on the
wing margin.
claval suture
The suture of the front wing separating the clavus from the corium
(Hemiptera).
claval vein A
vein in the clavus (Hemiptera, Homoptera).
clavate Clublike, or
enlarged at the tip; clavate antennae.
clavus The oblong or
triangular anal portion of the front wing (Hemiptera and Homoptera)
claw tuft A
dense tuft of hairs below the claws (spiders)
cleft Split or forked.
cleptoparasite A
parasite that feeds on food stored for the host larvae.
closed cell A
wing cell bounded on all sides by veins.
closed coxal cavity One
bounded posteriorly by a sclerite of the same thoracic segment of front coxal
cavities, (Co
leoptera)
or one completely surrounded by sternal sclerites and not touched by any
pleural sclerites of middle
coxal
cavities (Coleoptera).
club. The enlarged
apical flagellar segment or segments of an antenna (also see funicle).
clubbed With the distal
part ior segmentsl enlarged; clubbed antennae.
clypeus (adj. clypeal). The medial sclerite of the head immediately
above the labrum; often defined dorsally and
laterally
by the epistomal groove. A sclerite on
the lower part of the face, between the frons and the labium.
coarctate larva A
larva somewhat similar to a dipterous puparium, in which the skin of the
preceding instar is not
completely
shed but remains attached to the caudal end of the body; the sixth instar of a
blister beetle, also
called
a pseudopupa.
coarctate pupa A
pupa enclosed in a hardened shell formed by the last larval skin (Diptera).
cocoon A silken case inside
which the pupa is formed.
collophore A
tubelike structure located on the ventral side of the first abdominal segment
of Collembola.
collum The tergite of the
first segment (Diplopoda).
colon The large intestine;
that part of the hindgut between the ileum and the rectum.
colulus A slender pointed
structure Iying just anterior to the spinnerets (spiders1
commensalism A
living together of two or more species, none of which is injured thereby and at
least one of which
is
benefited.
commissure A
structure (trachea or nervel that connects the left and right sides of a
segment.
common oviduct The median tube of the female internal genitalia leading from the
lateral oviducts to the gonopore.
competitive exclusion principle The concept that two species cannot long coexist if they have
identical niches.
complete metamorphosis
Striking changes between larva and adult, with an intervening
pupal stage.
conditioning See Associative learning.
contest competition Competition
involving aggressive interactions between individuals.
coprophagous Feeding on fecal
material.
cornicle One of a pair of
tubelike processes on the abdomen of aphids, secretes an allomone and an alarm
pheromone.
cornicles. dorsal tubular structures on posterior
abdomen
corpus allatum (pl., corpora
allata) A small endocrine gland
situated behind the brain, the source of juvenile hormone.
corpus cardiacum (pl., corpora
cardiaca) A small organ of nervous
origin just behind the brain, associated with
storage
and release of PTTH and other hormones.
corpus pedunculatum (pl., corpora pedunculata) See Mushroom body.
compound eye
An eye composed of many individual elements or ommatidia, each of which
is represented externally
by a
facet; the external surface of such an eye consists of circular facets that are
very close together or of facets
that
are in contact and more or less hexagonal in shape.
compressed.
Flattened from side to side (higher than wide).
concave. Pertaining to a
linear structure, margin, or surface that is curved inward (cf. convex).
concave vein
A vein protruding from the lower surface of the wing.
condyle. A knoblike process
forming an articulation.
connate Fused together or
immovably united.
connective A
structure (such as a trachea or nervel that runs from one segment to another.
constricted Narrowed.
contiguous Touching each other.
convergent Becoming closer distally.
convergent Becomingcloserdistally.
convex vein A
vein protruding from the upper surface of the wing.
convex vein A
vein protruding from the upper surface of the wing.
corbicula (pl., corbiculae) A smooth area on the outer surface of the
hind tibia, bordered on each side by a fringe of
long
curved hairs, which serves as a pollen basket (beesl.
convex. Pertaining to a
linear structure, margin, or surface that is curved outward (cf. concave).
corbicula (pl., corbiculae). In Apiformes, the concave, smooth region of the
metatibia that is margined by a fringe of
setae
arising from the margins; it forms a pollen basket. A smooth area on the outer surface of the hind tibia,
bordered on each
side by a fringe of long curved hairs, which serves as a pollen basket (beesl.
corium The elongate,
usually thickened, basal portion of the front wing (Hemiptera).
cornea The cuticular part
of an eye.
cornicle One of a pair of
dorsal tubular structures on the posterior part of the abdomen (aphids).
cornicle One of a pair of
dorsal tubular structures on the posterior part of the abdomen (aphids).
corniculi (sing., corniculus) see urogomphi.
coronal suture A
longitudinal suture along the midline of the vertex, between the compound eyes.
corpus allatum (pl., corpora allata) One
of a pair of small structures immediately behind the brain, involved in
secretion
of juvenile hormone.
costa A longitudinal wing
vein usually forming the anterior margin of the wing; a sclerotized ridge in
the cuticle.
costal area The portion of the wing immediately behind the anterior margin.
costal cell The wing space between the costa and the subcosta.
costal break
A point on the costa where the sclerotization is weak or lacking or the
vein appears to be broken (Diptera)
costal area The portion of the wing immediately behind the anterior margin.
costal notch.
The excision of the wing margin between the apex of the costal vein and
the base of the stigma.
coxa (pl., coxae;
adj., coxal). The first segment of a leg, between the body
and the trochanter. The basal segment
of
the
leg. The most basal segment of the
insect leg, articulating with the thorax.
coxopleurite See catapleurite.
coxopodite The basal segment of an arthropod appendage.
coxosternum A
sclerite representing the fusion of the sternum and the coxopodites of a
segment.
crawler The active first
instar of a scale insect.
cremaster A
spinelike or hooked process at the posterior end of the pupa, often used for
attachment (Lepidoptera).
crenulate Wavy, or with small scallops.
cribellum A
sievelike structure Iying just anterior to the spinnerets (spiders).
crochets lpronounced croshays) Hooked spines at the tip of
the prolegs of lepidopterous larvae.
crop An expansible part of
the foregut that holds food until it can be passed into the midgut. The dilated posterior
portion
of the foregut, just behind the esophagus.
crypsis Close resemblance
of an animal to its physical or biotic background (also called protective
coloration).
cross vein A
vein connecting adjacent longitudinal veins.
cruciate Crossing; shaped
cryptonephridia Malpighian tubules that are closely associated with the hind gut
and surrounded by a membrane, thus
separating
this complex from the rest of the hemocoel.
ctenidium (pl., ctenidia) A row of stout bristles like the teeth of a
comb.
cubito‑anal cross vein A cross vein between the cubitus and an
anal vein.
cubitus The longitudinal
vein immediately posterior to the media.
cultural control Modification of
the environment‑‑for example, by tillage‑‑to make it
less attractive to pests.
cuneus. Trriangular apical part of thickened
portion of wing
cuticle The noncellular
outer portion of the integument.
cuticulin The tough,
insoluble substance making up the outer surface of the epicuticle, containing
cross‑linked lipid
and
protein molecules.
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) A virus that develops in the cytoplasm of
host cells, chiefly in the midgut.
<D terms>
Darwinian fitness differential
reproduction, in terms of the number of genes an individual passes to the next
generation.
depressed. Flattened from top
to bottom (wider than high).
density‑dependent factor A factor that causes a level of mortality that varies with the
number of individuals in the
population.
deutocerebrum The middle section
of the brain, which innervates the antennae.
diapause A state of
arrested behavior, growth, and development that occurs at one stage in the life
cycle.
digitus. Pad-like lobe of male genitalia
direct pest A pest insect that
attacks a part of a plant that is harvested, as contrasted to an indirect pest.
distal Referring to the
part of an appendage that is farthest from the body.
dorsal Referring to the
upper surface (back) of an animal.
dorsal diaphragm A muscular shcet
underlying the heart which assists in the flow of blood.
dorsal longitudinal muscles
Muscles running longitudinally, dorsally in insect segments, in the
thorax powering the
downstroke
of the wings of most insects.
dorsoventral muscles
Muscles inserting on the dorsum of the thorax and originating
ventrally, powering the upstroke
of the
wings of most insects.
dorsum The upper surface
(back) of an animal .
Dufour's gland An exocrine gland
on the ventral, posterior part of the abdomen of female Hymenoptera, the source
of
pheromones serving diverse functions.
disc (adj., discal). The central surface of any structure.
dorsal diaphragm An
incomplete wall of muscle separating the area around the dorsal blood vessel
(the pericardial
sinus)
from the rest of the hemocoel.
dorsocentral bristles A longitudinal row of bristles on the mesonotum, just laterad of
the acrostichal bristles (Diptera).
dorsolateral At the top and to the side.
dorsomesal At the top and along the midline.
dorsoscutellar bristles A pair of bristles on the dorsal portion of the scutellum, one on
each side of the midline
(Diptera).
dorsoventral From top to bottom, or from the upper to the lower side.
dorsum The back or top
(dorsal) side.
Dyar's rule The increase in width of the larval head capsule by a factor of
1.2‑1.4 from one molt to the next.
<E terms>
ecdysis Splitting and casting
off of the old cuticle, the major event in molting.
ecdysone A molting hormone,
secreted by the prothoracic glands.
eclosion Hatching of the
egg, or emergence of the adult insect at the terminal molt.
ecological homolog One of two or more
species having most niche parameters in common .
economic injury level (EIL) The level of damage to a crop that is equal in value to the cost
of suppressive measures.
economic threshold (ET)
The level of damage by a pest that serves to wam the agriculturalist
of impending problems.
ecosystem A biological
community considered in relation to its physical environment.
egg‑development neurosecretory hormone (EdNH) A product of the brain neurosecretory cells
that stimulates
vitellogenesis
in the female mosouito.
ejaculatory duct
A median duct that carries the sperm from the intemal reproductive
system to the exterior.
elytra. Thickened front
wings (eg. , Coleoptera)
elytron (pl., elytra) The hardened front wing of a beetle.
emarginate.
Notched; with an obtuse, rounded, or quadrate section cut out of a
margin.
encapsulation The enclosure of a
parasitoid larva within the blood of the host by a layer of hemocytes.
endocrine gland A gland that
discharges its products (hormones) to the inside (as contrasted to an exocrine
gland).
endocuticle The inner zone of the
procuticle, softer and lighter in color than the exocuticle.
endogenous activity Nervous discharges
that arise spontaneously, in the absence of stimulation .
endodterygote An insect that
develops through the immature stages as a larva with wings retained internally
as
imaginal
endodont mandible.
A mandible with the teeth facing inward so that when the mandibles are
closed their tips point
toward
each other's base (cf., exodont).
entomophagous Feeding on insects.
entomopox virus A virus that
multiplies in the cell cytoplasm of fat body and blood cells in a variety of
insects.
epicuticle The outer zone of the
insect cuticle, rich in lipid and protein and lacking chitin.
epidermis The single outer cell
layer of the body, which secretes the cuticle.
epimorphosis A type of development in
which the insect emerges from the egg with its full complement of body
segments
(opposite of anamorphosis).
equilibrium position (EP)
In insect bioeconomics, the average density of a potential pest on a
specific crop.
esophagus A tubular portion
of the foregut, behind the pharynx.
epicnemial carina.
The ridge on the mesopleuron that somewhat parallels the anterior margin
of the mesepisternum
and
that delineates the posterior margin of the epicnemium.
epicnemium (adj., epicnemial). The anterior
portion of the mesopleuron delimited posteriorly by the epicnemial carina
(also
see prepectus).
epimeron (pl., epimera;
adj., epimeral). The portion of a pleuron posterior to the
pleural groove (cf. episternum).
epipygium. In Chalcidoidea, a
small, somewhat sclerotized, fingernail-like flap attached to the last
metasomal tergum
between
the cerci.
episternal groove.
A groove on the mesopleuron, extending ventrally from a pit under the
base of the forewing and,
when
complete, reaching the anteroventral margin of the mesothorax.
episternum (pl., episterna; adj., episternal). The portion of a pleuron anterior to the
pleural groove (cf. epimeron).
epistomal groove.
A groove defining the lateral and dorsal margin of the clypeus.
epomia (pl., epomiae). In Ichneumonoidea, an oblique ridge crossing
the transverse furrow on the side of the
pronotum.
eusociality A
type of social behavior involving overlap of generations, cooperative brood
care, and a caste system in
which
many colony members are sterile.
exocrine gland A gland that
discharges its products to the outside (as contrasted to an endocrine gland).
exocuticle The outer portion of the procuticle, generally harder and darker
than the inner portion (endocuticle).
exodont. Extended outwards
exodont mandible.
A mandible with the teeth facing outward so that when the mandibles are closed
their tips point
anteriorly
or away from each other (cf. endodont).
exopterygote An insect that retains its wing pads externally through its
immature stages.
exoskeleton A
skeleton extemal to the remainder of the body, the muscles attaching to its
inner surface.
extrinsic Having its origin
outside the limits of an organ with which it is associated.
<F terms>
face (adj., facial). In Parasitica, the anterior surface of the
head between the eyes from the ventral margin of the toruli
to the
oral cavity, excluding the clypeus; in Symphyta and Aculeata, anterior surface
of the head between the
eyes
from the ocelli to the oral cavity, including the clypeus.
face The front of the
head, below the frontal suture (Diptera).
facet The external surface
of an individual compound‑eye unit or ommatidium. falx An interantennal
suture with
internal
sclerotized margins connecting the upper ends of the antennal fossae
ISiphonaptera).
facial fovea.
In Apoidea, a depressed, often finely densely pubescent area along the
inner orbit of a compound eye.
family A subdivision of an
order, suborder, or superfamily, containing a group of related genera, tribes,
or subfamilies.
Family
names of animals end in ndae.
farnesene An alarm pheromone
of aphids, secreted from the cornicles.
fat body Accumulation of
large cells in the hemocoel that store metabolites and are centers of
intermediary metabolism.
femur (pl., femora) The third segment of the insect leg, beyond the
trochanter and before the tibia.
fibril The contractile
unit of a muscle cell (fiber).
filter chamber A modification of
the gut of many Homoptera (such as aphids), permitting n uch water and some
carbohydrates
to b~pass the midgut.
filter feeder An insect that
seines particles from water by means of brushes or webs.
fixed action pattern
A segment of behavior performed in a stereotyped, species‑specific
manner.
flagellum The outermost part
of the antenna, beyond the scape and pedicel, usually divided into many
subsegments
(flagellomeres).
follicle A tubule of the
testis in which sperm are produced.
foulbrood A bacterial
disease of honey bee larvae and pupae.
founder effect Speciation
resulting from the establishment of a small population in an entirely new area
and the
subsequent
divergence of the resulting population from the parent stock.
frontalin A sex attractant
pheromone of male bark beetles.
fastigium The anterior dorsal
surface of the vertex (grasshoppers). fat body An amorphous organ involved in
intermediate
metabolism, storage, and storage excretion.
feces Excrement, the
material passed from the alimentary tract through the anus.
felt line A
narrow longitudinal band of relatively dense, closely appressed hairs of
Mutillidae).
felt line. In Mutillidae adn
Bradynobaenidae, a longitudinal line of flattened setae and secretory pores
laterally on
metasomal
tergum 2.
femur (pl., femora;
adj., femoral). The 3rd segment of a leg, between the
trochanter and tibia.
fiament A slender
threadlike structure. file A filelike ridge on the ventral side of the tegmen,
near the base; a part of the stridulating mechanism in crickets and long‑horned
grasshoppers.
fibula A more or less
triangular jugal lobe in the front wing that serves as a means of uniting the
front and hind wings
(Lepidoptera)
filiform Hairlike or
threadlike, filiform antenna.
filter chamber A
modification of the alimentary canal in Homoptera in which the anterior portion
of the midgut is
closely
associated with the hindgut.
flabellate With fanlike processes or projections; flabellate antenna.
flabellum (pl., flabella) A fanlike or leaflike process (Hymenoptera.
flabellum (pl., flabella). In Apiformes, a small thin plate of the apex
of the glossa.
flagellomere.
A segment-like subdivision of the flagellum; it is numbered
consecutively from the base of the flagellum.
One of the subsegments of the flagellum.
flagellum (pl., flagella;
adj., flagellar). The 3rd primary division or segment of the
antenna; it articulates with the
pedicel
basally and almost always is subdivided into segments (= flagellomeres). A whiplike structure that part
of the
antenna beyond the second segment.
flexor muscle A
muscle that decreases the angle between two segments of an appendage.
foliaceous Leaflike.
follicle A minute cavity,
sac, or tube.
follicular epithelium Layer of epithelial cells surrounding the oocyte.
fontanelle A
small, depressed, pale spot on the front of the head between the eyes
(lsoptera).
foramen (pl., foramina). A hole in the body wall through which
vessels or nerves pass. The foramen
magnum is the
central
hole in the back of the head; the propodeal foramen is the hole in the
posterior area of the propodeum.
foramen magnum
The opening on the posterior side of the head, through which pass the
internal structures that extend
from
the head to the thorax; also occipital foramen.
foregut The anterior portion
of the alimentary tract, from the mouth to the midgut.
fossorial Fitted for or with the habit of digging. frass Plant fragments
made by a wood‑boring insect, usually mixed
with
excrement.
frenulum A bristle or group
of bristles arising at the humeral angle of the hind wing Lepidoptera).
frenum (pl., frena;
adj., frenal). In Chalcidoidea, the transverse line on the
scutellum that delineates a posterior portion
of the
scutellum, the frenal area.
frons. The area of the
head bvetween the ventral margin of the toruli and the anterior margin of the
median ocellus (this
is not
equivalent to the true frons of larvae).
The head sclerite bounded by the frontal lor frontogenali and
epistomal
sulci and including the median ocellus.
front That portion of the
head between the antennae, eyes, and ocelli; the frons.
frontal bristles Bristles above the antennae, away from the edge of the compound
eye (Diptera).
frontal carina
A longitudinal ridge or pair of ridges on the frons between (and
sometimes partly covering) the toruli.
frontal lunule A
small crescent‑shaped sclerite located just above the base of the
antennae and below the frontal suture
(Diptera).
frontal suture One of two sutures arising at the anterior end of the coronal
suture and extending ventrad toward the
epistomal
sulcus; a suture shaped like an inverted U, with the base of the U crossing the
face above the bases
of the
antennae and the arms of the U extending downward on each side of the face
(Diptera; actually a ptilinal
suture).
frontal vitta
An area on the head between the antennae and the ocelli (Diptera).
fronto‑orbital bristles Bristles on the front next to the compound
eyes (Diptera).
frontogenal suture (or
sulcusi) A more or less vertical suture on the front of the head, between
the frons and the gena.
funicle (adj., funicular). A group of flagellomeres between the pedicel
and the club.
funiculus (or funicle) The antennal segments between the scape and
the club ICole6pteral, or between the pedicel and club IHymen6pteral. furca A
fork or forked structure; a forked apodeme arising from a thoracic sternum.
furcula The forked springing
apparatus of the Collembola.
<G terms>
galea The outer lobe of
the maxilla, borne by the stipes.
galea An apical lobe of
the maxilla of an insect.
galea (pl., galeae). The outer apical lobe of the maxilla that
articulates basally with the stipes.
gall An abnormal growth
on a plant, produced by stimulation of an insect or other organism and housing
that organism.
ganglion (pl., ganglia) A mass of nervous tissue, the basic
anatomical unit of the central nervous system.
gastric caecum (pl., caeca) A fingerlike, anterior extension of the
midgut that sen~es a function in food absorption.
genitalia Structures
associated w ith the release of sperm or eggs.
gall An abnormal growth
of plant tissues, caused by the stimulus of an animal or another plant.
ganglion (pl., ganglial A knotlike enlargement of a nerve,
containing a coordinating mass of nerve cells.
gaster The rounded part of
the abdomen posterior to the nodelike segment or segments IHymen6ptera
Ap6crital .
gastric caecum Caecum located at the anterior portion of the midgut.
gastrocoelus-thyridium (pl., gastrocoeli). In
Ichneumonidae, the usually transverse impression anterolaterally on
metasomal
tergum 2. The gastrocoelus includes the
thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized
sculpture,
whereas the gastrocoelus is the impression itself.
gastrocoelus-thyridium
(pl. gastrocoeli). In Ichneumonidae, the usually transverse
impression anterolaterally on
metasomal
tergum 2. The gastrocoelus includes the
thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized
sculpture,
while the gastrocoelus is the impression iteself.galea (pl., galeae). The outer apical lobe of the
maxilla,
articulated basally with the stipes.
gena (pl., genae;
adj., genal). The cheek; the lateral part of the head
between the compound eye and, when present,
the
occipital carina; otherwise, the lower (in hypognathous head) or anterior (in
prognathous head) part of the
back
of the head between the compound eye and the occiput. The part of the head on each side below and
behind
the compound eyes, between the frontal and occipital sulci.
genal comb
A row of strong spines borne on the anteroventral border of the head
(Siphonaptera).
gneration From any given stage in the life cycle to the same stage in the
offspring.
geniculate Elbowed, or abruptly bent; geniculate antenna.
genital chamber See bursa copulatnx.
genitalia The sexual organs and associated structures; the external sexual
organs.
genovertical plate An area on the head above the antenna and next to the compound eye
(Diptera; also called orbital
plate).
genus (pl., genera) A
group of closely related species; the first name in a binomial or trinomial
scientific name. Names
of
genera are latinized, capitalized, and when printed are italicized.
germ band A thickening of
the klastoderm that produces the embryo.
germarium An area at the tip
of the sperm follicles or ovarioles where sperm or egg formation is
initiated. Apical
portion
of the ovariole or sperm follicle.
giant axon A large‑diameter
axon of an interneuron that traverses several body segments and conducts
messages
quickly.
glial cell A cell surrounding
the axon of a neuron.
gill Evagination of the body wall or hindgut, functioning in
gaseous exchanges in an aquatic animal.
gonopore The external
opening of the reproductive tract.
granulosis virus (GV)
A virus that multi plies in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of host
cells, usually in the fat body.
glabrous Smooth, without
hairs.
globose, globular Spherical or nearly so.
glossa (pl., glossae). The paired, fused, median lobe of the labium
articulated basally with the prementum.
glossa (pl, glossaei) One of a pair of lobes at the apex of the
labium between the paraglossae (in bees).
glymma (pl., glymmae). In Ichneumonidae, the paired groove or pit
on the side of metasomal segment 1 between its
base
and the spiracle; it is nearly always present when sternum 1 is free from
tergum 1 but absent when tergum
1 and
sternum 1 are fused.
gnathochilarium
A platelike mouthpart structure in the Diplopoda, representing the fused
maxillae and labium.
gonangulum A
sclerite of the female external genitalia derived from the second gonocoxa,
connecting the second
gonocoxa,
ninth tergum, and first gonapophysis.
gonapophysis (pl., gonapophyses) A mesal posterior process of a gonopod, in
the female forming the ovipositor; first
or
second valvula.
gonocoxa A modified coxa that
forms a part of the external genitalia ( = valviferi.
gonoplacs Lateral sheaths enveloping the ovipositor in pterygotes ( = third
valvulael.
gonopod A modified leg that
forms a part of the external genitalia.
gonopore The external opening
of the reproductive organs.
gonostylus Stylus of a genital segment labdominal segment 8 or 91.
gregarious Living in groups.
grub A scarabaeiform
larva; a thick‑bodied larva with a well‑developed head and thoracic
legs, without abdominal
prolegs,
and usually sluggish.
groove. A linear
impression on a sclerite (also see suture).
gula A sclerite on the
ventral side of the head between the labium and the foramen magnum.
gular sutures Longitudinal sutures, one on each side of the gula.
gustation Taste detection of chemicals in liquid.
gynandromorph An abnormal individual containing structure characteristics of
both sexes (usually male on one side
and
female on the other)
<H terms>
habituation Leatning not to
respond to a stimulus that provides no reward or punishment .
hair pencils Tufts of fine
setae serving to dust pheromone‑coated particles onto a memher of the
opposite sex.
haltere A modified hind
wing of a fly (Diptera), acting to maintain flight stability.
haplodiploidy A type of
parthenogenesis in which males are produced from unfertilized eggs and are
therefore haploid,
while
the females are diploid.
haltere (pl, halteres) A small knobbed structure on each side of the metathorax, formed
from a modified hind wing
(Diptera).
hamuli jsing., hamulusl Minute hooks; a series of
minute hooks on the anterior margin of the hind wing, with which
the
front and hind wings are attached together lHymenopterai .
haustellate Formed for sucking, the mandibles not fitted for chewing (or
absent).
haustellum A
part of the beak (Diptera).
head The anterior body
region, which bears the eyes, antennae, and mouthparts.
head. The principal
anterior division of the body; it bears the mouthparts and antennae.
heart A muscular tube extending
dorsally and longitudinally through the insect abdomen, continuous with the
aorta,
serving
in circulation of blood. The posterior
pulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel
hematophagous Feeding on blood.
hemelytron (pl., hemelytra) The forewing of
an insect that is sclerotized basally but membranous apically (literally,
half
an elytron; applied chiefly to Hemiptera).
hemimetabolous Having incomplete
or simple metamorphosis, that is, showing gradual change from molt to molt,
with
externally
developing wing pads. (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera), with nymphs
aquatic.
hemocoel The blood‑filled
body cavity.
hemocyte A blood cell.
hemocytes Blood cells.
hemolymph The
"blood" of insects, combining functions of the lymph and blood of
vertebrates (other than respiration).
The blood of arthropods.
herbivorous Feeding on plants.
hermaphroditic Possessing both male and female sex organs.
hertz Cycles per second
(Hz).
heterodynamic life cycle A life cycle in which there is a period of dormancy.
heterogamy Alternation of bisexual with parthenogenetic reproduction.
heteromerous The three pairs of tarsi differing in the number of segments
lColeoptera, for example, with a tarsal
formula
of 5‑5‑41.
hibernation Dormancy during the winter.
hindgut The posterior
portion of the alimentary tract, between the midgut and the anus.
holocrine secretion Release of enzymes by disruption of the entire cell.
holometabolous Having complete metamorphosis, passing through egg, larval,
pupal, and adult stages.
homeostasis Maintenance of a
functionally steady state in the body, in the colony of social insects, or in
an ecos~stem.
holoptic The eyes contiguous
above lDipterai.
homodynamic lile cycle A life cycle in which there is continuous development, without a
period of dormancy.
homology Similarity in
structure resulting from having had a common evolutionary origin.
honeydew The liquid excretions
of sucking insects (Homoptera), consisting largely of water and sugars.
hormone An intemal
chemical signalproluced by an endocrine gland and carried to the tissues by
the hemolymph.
horns. Found around antennae in Chalcididae
host race A population of a
species that shows a genetically determined preference for a particular host
plant or animal
species.
hydrostatic skeleton
Maintenance of body form by the pressure exerted by muscles on a
fluid‑filled body cavity, most
important
in soft‑bodied larvae.
hypermetamorphosis A type of
development in which there are two or more quite distinct larval forms
sequentially.
hyperparasitoid An insect that is
a parasitoid of a parasitoid.
hypopharynx A tonguelike structure
in the buccal cavity, associated with the labium.
homonym One and the same
name for two or more different things (taxa)
honeydew Liquid discharged
from the anus of certain Homoptera.
hornworm A caterpillar (larva
of Sphingidae) with a dorsal spine or horn on the last abdominal segment.
horny Thickened or
hardened.
host The organism in or
on which a parasite lives; the plant on which an insect feeds.
humeral Pertaining to the
shoulder; located in the anterior basal portion of the wing.
humeral angle
The basal anterior angle or portion of the wing.
humeral bristles
The bristles on the humeral callus (Diptera).
humeral callus One of the anterior lateral angles of the thoracic notum, usually
more or less rounded (Diptera).
humeral cross vein
A cross vein in the humeral portion of the wing, between the costa and
subcosta.
humeral plate
The anterior sclerite of the wing at the base of vein C.
humeral suture
The mesopleural suture (Odonata).
humeral vein A
branch of the subcosta that serves to strengthen the humeral angle of the wing
(Neuroptera,
Lepidoptera)
humerus (pl., humeri)
The shoulder; the posterolateral angles of the pronotum (Hemiptera1
humulus (pl., hamuli). One of a series of small bristle-like hook
on the anterior martin of the hind wing; in some
groups
there may be a basal and an apical series of hamuli.
hyaline Like glass,
transparent, colorless.
hypermetamorphosis A
type of complete metamorphosis in which the different larval instars represent
two or more
different
types of larvae.
hyperparasite A
parasite whose host is another parasite.
hypodermis See epidermis.
hypognathous. With the head
somewhat at a right angle to the plane of the body (vertical), so the
mouthparts are
directed
ventrally (cf. prognathous).
hypopharynx
A median mouthpart structure anterior to the labium; the ducts from the
salivary glands are usually
associated
with the hypopharynx, and in some sucking insects the hypopharynx is the
mouthpart structure
containing
the salivary channel.
hypopleural bristles A
more or less vertical row of bristles on the hypopleuron, usually directly
above the hind coxac
(Diptera).
hypopleuron (pl, hypopleura) The lower part of the mesepimeron; a
sclerite on the thorax located just above the hind
coxae
(Diptera).
hypopygium (adj., hypopygial). The last
visible sternum of the abdomen.
hypostigmatic cell
The cell immediately behind the point of fusion of Sc and R (Neuroptera,
Myrmeleontoidea).
hypostomal bridge
The sclerotized posterior part of the head that sometimes separates the
foramen magnum from the
oral
cavity (the bridge may sometimes be formed by the median fusion of the postgena
or gena and is then
called the postgenal
or genal bridge). Mesal extension of
the hypostomae on each side to meet below the foramen magnum.
hypostomal carina.
The ridge on the back of the head along the oral cavity that normally
delimits the hypostoma from
the
postgena and occiput.
Hz Hertz (cycles per
second).
<I terms>
ileum The anterior part of
the hindgut, preceding the rectum.
imaginal disc A group of cells
set aside in the embryo and maintained through the larval stage as a center of
development
of adult structures .
imago The terminal
instar, or adult.
inclusion body A protein crystal
that encloses an insect virus.
inclusive fitness Net genetic
representation of an individual in succeeding generations, through personal
reproduction
and that
of individuals bearing identical genes.
incomplete metamorphosis
Slight changes from molt to molt until wings and genitalia are
fully formed in the adult.
indirect pest A pest insect that
feeds on a part of the plant that is not marketed.
insect growth regulator (IGR) A substance produced by a plant that mimics or antagonizes an
insect hormone.
insight learning The ability to
combine leamed behavior from diverse experiences to solve a problem.
instar The stage of an
insect's development between molts.
instinct Behavior performed
without previous experience and without interaction with other members of the
species.
integrated pest management (IPM) An approach to the control of pests
(insects, diseases, weeds) in which all
available
techniques are evaluated and integrated into a unified program.
interference competition
Competition in which individuals are prevented from feeding,
mating, or laying eggs as a
result
of the presence of other individuals.
interneuron A nerve cell
located within the central nervous system and serving to connect other
neurons.
intersexual selection
Natural selection involving choices between the sexes, often on
the basis of courtship displays.
intrasexual selection
Natural selection involving competition among members of one sex
of a species, usually for
mates.
intrinsic Located entirely
within an organ (as contrasted to extrinsic).
ipsenol An aggregation
pheromone of bark beetles of the genus Ips.
<J terms>
Johnston's organ A
sense organ similar to a chordotonal organ, located in the second antennal
segment of most insects;
this
organ functions in sound perception in some Diptera. joint An articulation of
two successive segments or
parts. An organ in the pedicel of the antenna,
consisting of a cluster of chordotonal sensilla.
jugal lobe
A lobe at the base of the wing, on the posterior side, proximad of the
vannal lobe (Hymenoptera). The
posterior
area of the wing behind vein 1A and set off from more anterior areas by a slight
fold (jugal fold) on
the
wing and by a notch on the wing margin (also see claval lobe).
jugal vein
The most posterior of the major longitudinal vein systems according to
Kukalova‑Peck. jugum A lobelike
process
at the base of the front wing, which overlaps the hind wing (Lepidoptera); a
sclerite in the head
(Hemiptera
and Homoptera).
juvabione An insect growth
regulator occurring in certain trees and causing abnormal development of
insects feeding
on the
tree.
juvenile hormone (JH)
A hormone secreted by the corpora allata that maintains juvenile
features in immature insects
and
controls certain aspects of adult physiology and behavior.
<K terms>
kairomone An interspecific chemical
messenger that benefits the receiver but not the emitter.
katepleurite See catapleunte. keeled
With an elevated ridge or carina. kHz Kilohertz Ikilocycles per secondl.
kin selection Natural selection
that involves inclusive fitness.
kinesis An undirected
movement in which the speed of movement or the frequency of tuming depends on
the intensity
of
stimulation .
K‑strategist A species
characterized by a low reproductive rate, increased survival mechanisms, minor
tendency to
disperse,
and often a relatively large body size (as compared to an r‑strategist).
<L terms>
labellum (p. labellae). The expanded tip of the labium IDiptera;
Iabial or pertaining to the labium.
Iabial gland Exocrine
organ opening on or at the base of the labium, usually functioning as salivary
or silk gland.
Iabial suture The suture on the labium between the postmentum and prementum.
Iabial palp
One of a pair of small feelerlike structureS arising from the labium.
labium One of the
mouthpart structures, the lower lip.
Iabrum The upper lip, Iying
just below the clypeus.
Iabrum‑epipharynx A mouthpart representing the labrum and epipharynx.
Iacinia ipl., laciniael The
inner lobe of the maxilla, borne by the stipes.
Iamella (pl., lamellae) A leaflike plate.
Iamellate With platelike
structures or segments; lamellate antennae.
Iamina In the cuticle, a
layer of cuticle with chitin microfibrils oriented in the same direction.
Iamina lingualis
(pl., laminae linguales) One of two median distal plates in the
millipede gnathochilarium.
Ianceolate
Spear‑shaped, tapering at each end.
lanule. Crescent-shaped sclerite above base of
antennae
Iarva (pl., larvae)
The immature stage, between egg and pupa, of an insect having complete
metamorphosis; the
six‑legged
first instar of Acari; an immature stage differing radically from the adult.
Iarviform Shaped like a larva.
Iaterad Toward the side,
away from the midline of the body.
Iateral Of or pertaining to
the side (that is, the right or left sidel.
Iateral oviduct A
tube in the female internal genitalia connecting the ovaries and the common
oviduct.
Iaterotergite A
tergal sclerite located laterally or dorsolaterally.
Iateroventral To the side laway from the midline of the body) and below.
Ieaf miner An insect that lives in and feeds upon the leaf cells between the
upper and lower surfaces of a leaf.
Iigula The terminal lobe
(or lobej of the labium, the glossae and paraglossae.
Iinear Linelike, long and
very narrow.
Iongitudinal Lengthwise of the body or of an appendage.
Iooper A caterpillar that
moves by looping its body, that is by placing the posterior part of the abdomen
next to the
thorax
and then extending the anterior part of the body forward; a measuringworm.
Iorum (pl., lora)
The cheek; a sclerite on the side of the head of Hemiptera and
Homoptera; the submentum in bees.
Iuminescent Producing
light.
Iunule, frontal see frontal lunule.
labium The third set of
mouthparts of insects (or underlip~, located behind the maxillae.
labrum A flaplike
structure anterior to the mouthparts, kelow the clypeus.
labium (adj., labial). The posterior, medial appendage of the
mouthparts between adn behind the maxillae, composed
of the
submentum, emntum, prementum, glossa, paraglossa, and labial palpi.
labrum (adj., labral). The anterior, medial appendage of the
mouthparts attached to the underside of, and often
concealed
by, the clypeus.
lacina (pl., laciniae). The inner apical lobe of the maxilla,
articulated to the stipes.
lamina (pl., laminae;
adj., laminate). A thin plate or leaf-like process.
latent learning Conditioning
in which the reward occurs some time following receipt of the stimulus.
life table A tabulation of
the life stages of an insect with a cumulative record of mortality and
survival.
light compass orientation Orientation in which a constant angle with a light source (usually
the sun) is maintained.
laterotergite.
The lateral part of an abdominal/metasomal tergum that is marked by a
crease or groove, or is even
completely
detached from the main dorsal part of the tergum (also see tergite, tergum).
locustol A primer pheromone
of the desert locust that triggers development from the solitary to the
gregarious form.
<M terms>
maggot A vermiform larva;
a legless larva without a welldeveloped head capsule (Diptera).
malar space.
The shortest distance between the base of the mandible and the margin of
the compound eye.
Malpighian tubules Excretory tubes that arise near the anterior end of the hindgut
and extend into the body cavity.
An excretory tubule, opening into the gut at the
junction of the midgut and hindgut.
mandible Jaw; one of the
anterior pair of paired mouthpart structures.
mandibulate With jaws fitted for chewing.
marginal cell A
cell in the distal part of the wing bordering the costal margin (Diptera, Hymenoptera).
mandible (adj., mandibular). The paired, heavily sclerotized biting and
chewing lateral appendage of the mouthparts
between
the labrum and maxilla.
marginal vein A
vein on or just within the wing margin; the vein forming the posterior side of
the marginal cell
(Hymenoptera).
margined With a sharp or
keellike lateral edge.
maxilla (pl., maxillae; adj., maxillary). The paired
appendage of the mouthparts between the mandible and labium,
consisting
of the cardo, stipes, lacinia, galea, and maxillary palpus.
maxillary Of or pertaining to
the maxilla.
maxillary palp
A small feelerlike structure arising from the maxilla.
maxilliped
One of the appendages in Crustacea immediately posterior to the second
maxillae.
mandible One of the most
anterior pair of insect mouthparts, often jawlike and working from side to
side.
maxilla One of a pair of
mouthparts behind the mandibles and before the labium, bearing the maxillary
palpi.
mechanoreceptor A
sensillum sensitive to physical displacement .
media The longitudinal
vein between the radius and cubitus.
medial (or median) Referring to the
center, usually the midline, of an animal.
medial cross vein A
cross vein connecting two branches of the media.
median In the middle; along
the midline of the body.
medio‑cubital cross vein A cross vein connecting the media and
cubitus.
membrane A thin film of
tissue, usually transparent; that part of the wing surface between the veins;
the thin apical
part
of a hemelytron (Hemiptera).
membranous Like a membrane; thin and more or less transparent lwingsi; thin
and pliable lcuticle1.
mental setae Setae on the mentum (Odonata).
mentum The distal part of
the labium, which bears the palps and the ligula; a median, more or less
triangular piece in
the
millipede gnathochilarium.
mentum. A labial sclerite
articulating basally with the submentum and apically with the prementum; often
fused with
the latter
and indistinguishable as a separate sclerite.
merocrine secretion
Release of enzymes across the cell membrane, without destruction of the
entire cell.
meroistic ovary An ovary
possessing nurse cells that are connected to or accompany the oocytes.
meroistic ovariole Ovariole with nurse cells.
meropleuron.
The lateral and ventral part of the mesothorax (also see mesosternum)
meropleuron (pl., meropleura) A
sclerite consisting of the meron lbasal part1 of the coxa and the lower part of
the
eplmeron
.
mes-, meso-.
A Greek prefix meaning middle or mid; used with Latin, latinized, or
Greek words to indicate the middle
(often
2nd) part of a structure.
mesad Toward the midline
of the body. mesal At or near the midline of the body.
mesenteron The midgut, or middle portion of the alimentary tract.
mesepimeron (pl., mesepimera) The epimeron of the mesothorax.
mesepimeron.
The posterior subdivision of the mesopleuron, usually small relative to
the mesepisternum or almost
absent.
mesepisternal groove.
A groove on the mesopleuron, extending ventrally from a pit under the
base of the forewing
and,
when complete, reaching the anteroventral margin of the mesothorax.
mesepisternum
(pl., mesepisterna) The episternum of the mesothorax. The anterior subdivision of the mesopleuron,
usually
comprising most of the mesopleuron.
mesinfraepisternum
A ventral subdivision of the mesepisternum (Odonata).
meson The midline of the
body, or an imaginary plane dividing the body into right and left halves.
Mesonotal
suture. Dorsal sclerite of
mesothorax
mesonotum The dorsal sclerite of the mesothorax.
mesothorax The middle segment
of the insect thorax.
mesopleural bristles
Bristles on the mesopleuron (Diptera).
mesopleuron (pl., mesopleura) The lateral sclerite~s1 of the mesothorax;
the upper part of the episternum of the
mesothorax
(Diptera).
mesoscutal lobe.
The mesoscutum is usually divided by the notauli into a medial part and
two lateral lobes (also see
scutum).
mesoscutellar appendage.
In Symphyta, the posterior subdivision of the mesoscutellum, usually
crescent-shaped and
overhanging
the postnotum of the mesothorax.
mesoscutellum
The scutellum of the mesothorax, usually simply called the scutellum.
mesoscutellum. The middle region of the mesonotum or metanotum, behind the
scutum. In Apocrita, only the
mesoscutellum
is evident and is simply called the scutellum, while in Symphyta both the
mesoscutellum and
metascutellum
are present.
mesoscutum
The scutum of the rnesothorax.
mesoscutum.
The mesonotum excluding the scutellum; in groups with a transscutal
articulation, the portion of the
mesonotum
anterior to the articulation; the mesoscutum is usually divided by the notauli
into a medial part and
two
lateral lobes (also see scutum).
mesosoma (pl., mesosomata;
adj., mesosomal). In Apocrita, the thorax plus the propoedum
(cf. thorax). In Apocrita
IHymenoptera)
the middle tagma of the body, composed of the three thoracic segments and the
first true
abdominal
segment Ithe propodeum).
mesosternum.
The sternum of the mesothorax, usually invaginated and not visible, but
sometimes incorrectly used as
a
general term for the ventral surface of the mesothorax, such as when it is
modified into a flattened plate with
posteriorly
projecting lobes (also see mesopleuron).
The sternum, or ventral sclerite, of the mesothorax.
mesothorax
The middle or second segment of the thorax.
mesothorax.
The 2nd and largest of the 3 primary subdivision of the thorax, bearing
the middle pair of legs and, when
present,
the forewings.
mesotrochantinal plate.
The ventral part of the mesothorax inflected towards the metasternum
beneath the base of the
mesocoxae;
visible only by removing the mesocoxae.
met-, meta-.
A Greek prefix meaning hind or posterior; used with Latin, latinized, or
Greek words to indicate the
posterior
(usually 3rd) part of a structure.
metamere A primary body
segment lusually referring to the embryo).
metamorphosis A
change in form during development.
metanotum The dorsal sclerite of the metathorax.
metanotum. The dorsal part of
the metathorax.
metapleuron.
The lateral and ventral part of the metathorax.
metapneustic. Only two spiracles are retained at the
posterior end of the body.
metascutellum
The scutellum of the metathorax.
metascutellum.
In Symphyta, the middle region of the metanotum.
metasoma In Ap6crita
(Hymenoptera) the posterior tagma of the body, comprised of all segments
posterior to the
propodeum.
metasoma. (pl., metasomata; adj., metasomal). In Apocrita,
the apparent abdomen, consisting of the abdomen
excluding
the 1st segment or propodeum (cf. abdomen).
metasternum.
The sternum of the metathorax, usually invaginated and not visible but
sometimes used as a general term
for
the ventral surface of the metathorax.
metatarsus
(pl., metatarsi) The basal segment of the tarsus.
metathorax.
The 3rd of the three primary subdivision of the thorax, bearing the hind
pair of legs and, when present,
the hind
wings. The most posterior of the three
segments of the thorax.
metazonite
The posterior portion of a mlllipede tergum when the tergum is divided
by a transverse groove.
metepimeron (pl., metepimera) The epimeron of the metathorax.
metepimeron.
The posterior subdivision of the metapleuron.
metepisternum
(pl., metepisterna) The episternum of the metathorax.
metepisternum.
The anterior subdivision of the metapleuron.
metinfraepisternum
A ventral subdivision of the metepisternum (Odonata).
micropile A pore in the
chorion through which sperm enter. A
minute opening lor openings) in the chorion of an insect
egg,
through which sperm enter the egg.
midgut The mesenteron, or
middle portion of the alimentary tract.
migration A form of
dispersal involving longdistance movements under at least partial control of
the insects.
mimicry Presence of a
pattem in a palatable species that closely resembles the pattem of an
unpalatable species ( =
Batesian
mimicry) (see also Mullerian
mimicry).
millimeter 0.001 meter, or 0.03937 inch (about ~s inch).
minute Very small; an
insect a few millimeters in length or less would be considered minute. molt A
process of
shedding
the exoskeleton; ecdysis; to shed the exoskeleton.
molting gland See prothoracic glands.
molting hormone (MH)
See Ecdysone.
monoculture A uniform stand of
one kind of crop plant.
monecious Possessing both male and female sex organs, hermaphroditic.
moniliform Beadlike, with rounded segments; moniliform antenna.
monocondylic A
joint with a single point of articulation.
monophagous Feeding on a
single plant or animal species.
morphology The science of form or structure.
motor neuron A
neuron that forms a synapse with a muscle.
mouthparts.
The appendages of the head used for feeding, including the labrum,
hypopharynx, mandibles, maxillae,
and
labium.
Mullerian mimicry Presence of a
similar aposematic pattem in unrelated, distasteful or poisonous species.
multivoltine Having several
generations a year.
mushroom body A complex fiber
tract in the anterior part of the brain, often suggesting the shape of a
mushroom,
associated
primarily with the integration of sensory information .
mutualism A living together
of two species of organisms, with both species being benefited by the
association.
mycetome A specialized
internal organ that houses symbiotic microorganisms.
mycoplasma A pathogenic
microorganism that passes through bacterial filters but has certain features in
common with
bacteria.
myiasis A disease caused by
the invasion of dipterous larvae.
myiasis Infestation with
the maggots of flies.
myogenic flight muscles
Flight muscles that contract repeatedly as a result of mechanical stretch
and do not require
a
nervous impulse for each contraction.
myogenic Produced by muscle;
contraction of a muscle generated by that muscle itself, without neuronal
stimulus.
myogenic rhythms Rhythms produced
by spontaneously active muscles.
myrmecophile A symbiont found
in the colonies of ants, usually living at the expense of the food in the
nest.
myrmecophyte A plant that has
special cavities in which ants live.
myriapod A many‑legged arthropod; a centipede, millipede, pauropod,
or symphylan.
<N terms>
naiad An aquatic, gill‑breathing
nymph.
nasute soldier (or nasutus) An individual of a termite caste in which
the head narrows anteriorly into a snoutIike
projection.
natural control The maintenance of
a population at nonoutbreak levels by natural environmental factors, biotic
and
abiotic.
nebulous vein.
A wing vein that is uniformly pigmented (not darker on its margins),
without a tubular structure; it can
be
seen with both reflected and transmitted light (cf. spectral, tubular veins).
necrophagous Feeding on dead
animal matter.
nectar guide A streak on a
flower that guides insects to nectar sources.
neopterous Possessing the
ability to fold the wings backward over the abdomen.
neural lamella A fibrous,
noncellular layer that surrounds and supports a ganglion.
neurogenic
Produced by a neuron; contractions of muscle stimulated by a neuronal
impulse. nidi In the midgut, clusters
of
regenerative epithelial cells.
neurogenic flight muscles
Flight muscles that contract each time a nerve impulse is received.
neurogenic rhythms Rhythms maintained
by spontaneously active neurons.
neurohemal organ An organ
associated with the nervous system that stores and releases hormones.
neuron Nerve cell.
neuropile The mass of closely
packed nerve cell processes comprising the central part of a ganglion.
neurosecretory cell A cell of the
nervous system that is specialized for the production and release of hormones.
niche The role that a species
occupies in nature; that is, its precise habitat plus its behavior in that
habitat.
nocturnal Active at night.
node A knoblike or knotlike swelling.
nodilorm In the form of a
knob or knot.
nodus A strong cross vein
near the middle of the costal border of the wing (Odonata).
notal wing process Point at which the notum articulates with the wing (or axillary
sclerites at the base of the wing).
notaulus (pl., notauli). The usually oblique, longitudinal groove on
the mesoscutum, often dividing the mesoscutum
into
medial and lateral parts. A
longitudinal line on the mesoscutum of Hymen6ptera, marking the separation
of the
dorsal longitudinal and dorsoventral flight muscles; also sometimes called notaulix
notaulices),
parapsidal
furrow, or parapsidal suture.
notopleural bristles Bristles on the notopleuron (Diptera).
notopleural suture.
A groove separating the mesonotum from the mesopleuron. A suture between the notum and the
pleural
sclerites.
notopleuron (pl., notopleura) An area on the thoracic dorsum, at the
lateral end of the transverse suture (Diptera).
notum (pl., nota;
adj., notal). A thoracic tergum, usually subdivided into a
scutum and a scutellum. A dorsal
sclerite
of the
insect thorax. The dorsal sclerite of a
thoracic segment; the fused second gonapophyses of the
ovipositor.
nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) A vinus that multiplies in cell nuclei,
chiefly in the epidermis, fat body, and blood
cells.
nurse cells Nutritive
cells associated with the developing oocyte.
nymph An immature stage
(following hatching) of an insect that does not have a pupal stage; the
immature stage of
Acari
that has eight legs.
<O terms>
oblique scutal carina.
In Spheciformes, the ridge on the mesoscutum extending obliquely
posteriorly and medially
from
the lateral margin near the posterior of the tegula.
oblique vein A
slanting cross vein; in Odonata, where Rs crosses M, 2.
obtect pupa A
pupa in which the appendages are more or less glued to the body surface, as in
the Lepid6ptera.
occipital carina.
A ridge on the posterior surface of the head that separates the occiput
from the vertex and gena; the
ventral
part of the ridge is sometimes called the genal carina.
occipital foramen
See foramen magnum.
occipital suture
(or sulcus) A transverse suture
in the posterior part of the head that separates the vertex from the
occiput
dorsally and the genae from the postgenae laterally.
occiput (adj., occipital). The posterior part of the head behind the
vertex dorsally and teh genae laterally.
If an occipital
carina
is present, the occiput is the area betwen it and the very narrow postocciput
surrounding the foramen
magnum
(also see postgena). The dorsal
posterior part of the head, between the occipital and postoccipital
sutures.
ocellar bristles
Bristles arising close to the ocelli (Diptera).
ocellar triangle
A slightly raised triangular area in which the ocelli are located (Diptera).
ocellus (pl., ocelli) A simple eye on the dorsal part of the head,
containing a single facet. Hymenoptera
usually have
3
ocelli: one median (anterior) and two
lateral (posterior).
olfaction The sense of smell;
the ability to detect chemicals in a gas.
oligolectic Utilizing a very
limited number of plant species as sources of pollen (said chiefly of bees).
oligophagous Feeding on a
somewhat restricted group of (often related) plant or animal species.
ocellus (pl., ocelli)
A simple eye of an insect or other arthropod.
ocellus (pl., ocelli;
adj., ocellar). A simple eye, consisting of a single,
usually round or oval facet.
olistheter
A tongue‑in‑groove mechanism connecting the first and second
gonapophyses of the ovipositor.
ommatidium (pl., ommatidia) A functional
unit of the compound eye, expressed extemally as a facet. A single unit
or
visual section of a compound eye.
onisciform larva
See platyform larva.
oocyte Egg.
oogenesis The production of eggs.
oogonium ~pl., oogorlia~ The primary germ cells of the
female.
ootheca A hardened
protective structure surrounding the egg mass, composed of tanned protein and
secreted by
accessory
glands. The covering or case of an egg
mass IMantodea, Blattaria.
open coxal cavity One bounded posteriorly by a sclerite of the next segment (front
coxal cavities, Coleoptera), or one
touched
by one or more pleural sclerites (middle coxal cavities, Coleoptera).
open cell A wing cell
extending to the wing margin, not entirely surrounded by veins.
operculum (pl., opercula) A lid or cover.
opisthognathous With the mouthparts directed backward.
opisthorhynchous With the beak directed backward. oral Pertaining to the mouth.
oral cavity.
The opening of the head from which the mouthparts are suspended.
oral vibrissae
A pair of stout bristles, one on each side of the face near or just
above the oral margin, and larger than
the
other bristles on the vibrissal ridge (Diptera).
orbit. The narrow border
around the eye. The inner and outer
orbits are those parts of the face plus the frons and the
gena,
respectively, immediately next to the eye.
orbital plate
An area on the head above the antenna and next to the compound eye
(Diptera); also called genovertical
plate.
order A subdivision of a
class or subclass, containing a group of related superfamilies or families.
orthognathous. With mouth directed ventrad
osmeterium (pl., osmetena) A fleshy, tubular,
eversible, usually Y‑shaped gland at the anterior end of certain
caterpillars
(Papilionidae). An eversible gland on
the thorax of the larvae of swallowtail butterflies that
secretes
allomones.
ostia Segmentally arranged
inlet pores in the walls of the heart.
ostiole A small
opening.
ostium (pl., ostia)
A slitlike opening in the insect heart.
outer vertical bristles The more laterally located of the large bristles on the vertex,
between the ocelli and the
compound
eyes (Diptera).
ovariole One of the tubules
making up the ovary, in which the eggs are formed. A more or less tubular division of an
ovary.
ovipositor The egg‑laying
apparatus of insects, typically composed of two sets of valves or a tubular
extension of the
abdomen.
ovisorption Resorption of eggs
prior to the time of oviposition.
ovoviviporous Producing small
larvae, the eggs having hatched inside the mother.
ovary The egg‑producing
organ of the female.
oviduct The tube leading
away from the ovary through which the eggs pass.
oviparous Laying eggs.
ovipore The external opening
of the female reproductive system through which the eggs pass during
oviposition.
oviposit To lay or deposit
eggs.
ovipositor The egg‑laying apparatus; the external genitalia of the
female.
ovipositor.
In females, a slender, paired and interlocking, saw-like or tubular
structure used for laying the eggs or, in
Aculeata,
for stinging or, in some Ichneumonoidea, for both; it may be concealed or may
extend beyond the
apex
of the body and is protected by a pair of ovipositor sheaths.
ovipositor sheath.
A paired, slcerotized structure enclosing the external part of the
ovipositor.
oviscapt Modification of the
terminal abdominal segments of a female to serve as an egg‑laying organ.
<P terms>
paedogenesis
Reproduction by larviform individuals.
paleopterous Lacking the
ability to position the wings backward over the abdomen.
palpus (pl., palpi) A paired, segmented appendage arising on
the maxilla or labium and serving sensory functions associated with food
ingestion.
panoistic ovary An ovary in which
the ovarioles lack nurse cells.
parasite An animal that
completes its development on or in another animal but does not normally kill
it.
parasitoid An insect that
lives in its immature stages in or on another insect, which it kills after
completing its own
feeding.
parental investment Behavior of a parent
that increases the probability of offspring survival at the cost of the
parent's
ability
to produce more offspring.
parthenogenesis Production of
young from unfertilized eggs.
paedogenesis The production of eggs or young by an immature or larval stage of
an animal.
palp A segmented process
born by the maxillae or labium.
palpifer The lobe of the
maxillary stipes that bears the palp.
palpiform. Segmented process
palpiger The lobe of the
mentum of the labium that bears the palp.
palpus (pl., palpi;
adj., palpal). Paired sensory appendages of the maxilla and
labium, consisting of 1-6 segments and
1-4
segments, respectively.
panoistic ovariole
Ovariole without nurse cells.
papilla A small nipplelike
elevation.
paraglossa (pl., paraglossae). A paired,
lateral lobe of the labium articulated basally with the prementum lateral to
the
base
of the glossa. One of a pair of lobes
at the apex of the labium, laterad of the glossae.
paramere A structure in the male
genitalia of insects, usually a lobe or process at the base of the aedeagus.
paranotum Lateral expansion of the notum.
paraproct One of a pair of lobes bordering the anus lateroventrally.
parasite An animal that lives
in or on the body of another living animal (its hostl, at least during a part
of its life cycle,
feeding
on the tissues of its host; most entomophagous insect parasites kill their
host (see parasitoid I
parasitic Living as a parasite.
parasitoid An animal that feeds in or on another living animal for a
relatively long time, consuming all or most of its
tissues
and eventually killing it (also used as an adjective, describing this mode of
life~. Parasitoid insects in
this
book are referred to as parasites.
parthenogenesis Development of the egg without fertilization .
patella A leg segment
between the femur and tibia (arachnids).
paurometabolous With simple metamorphosis, the young and adults living in the same
habitat, and the adults winged.
pecten A comblike or
rakelike structure.
pectinate Comblike; that is, having a series of slender projections from an
elongate shaft. With branches or
processes
like
the teeth of a comb; pectinate antenna; pectinate tarsal claw.
pedicel The second, usually
small, segment of the antenna; the stem of the abdomen, between the thorax and
the gaster
(ants)
pericardial sinus A space around the
heatt, limited below by the dorsal diaphragm.
perineurium The layer of cells
surrounding a ganglion, which secretes the neural lamella.
peripneustic. Lateral spiracles on the abdomen.
peritrophic membrane
The delicate, tubular sheath that surrounds the food within the
midgut .
petiole. narrow stem attaching abdomen to thorax
phagostimulant A natural plant
substance that induces feeding by an insect.
pharate stage A stage in which
molting has occurred but the insect has not cast off the old cuticle.
pharynx A muscular portion
of the foregut, just behind the mouth.
phenological asynchrony
Lack of synchrony between the life cycle of a pest and the appropriate
stage of its host plant.
pheromone An extemal
chemical messenger that passes between individuals of the same species and
controls
intraspecific
interactions.
phoresy A condition in
which an individual is carried about by another individual without harming
that individual.
phylogeny The study of the
history of lines of evolution .
physical gill A bubble or packet
of air that adheres to the body of an aquatic insect and is continuous with the
tracheal
air
space.
phytoecdysone A plant product
that mimics ecdysone.
phytotoxemia A diseaselike
plant condition produced by the injection of toxic substances by insects.
plastron A framework of
stiff, water‑repellent hairs or cuticular structures on the bodies of
aquatic insects, containing
a film
of air into which oxygen diffuses from the water.
pleural suture A vertical or
oblique suture marking an intemal ridge of the thoracic pleuron, running from
the dorsal
coxal
articulation to the pleural wing process.
pleural wing process
A fulcrum for the wing base, formed at the top of the intemal ridge
fommed by the pleural suture.
pleuron (pl., pleura) A lateral sclerite of the thorax.
pedicel. The 2nd primary
division or segment of the antenna; it articulates apically with the flagellum
and basally with
the
scape.
pedipalps The second pair of
appendages of an arachnid.
pedunculate.
An intermediate, club-like condition between sessile and petiolate (also
see petiolate).
pelagic Inhabiting the open
sea; ocean‑dwelling.
penultimate Next to the last.
pericardial sinus The body cavity surrounding the dorsal blood vessel, limited ventrally
by the dorsal diaphragm.
perineural sinus The body cavity surrounding the ventral nerve cord, limited
dorsally by the ventral diaphragm.
peristalsis Waves of contraction.
peristome The ventral margin of the head, bordering the mouth.
peritrophic membrane A
membrane in insects secreted by the cells lining the midgut; this membrane is
secreted when
food
is present and forms an envelope around the food; it usually pulls loose from
the midgut, remains around
the
food, and passes out with the feces.
perivisceral sinus The body cavity surrounding the digestive system, reproductive
system, etc., between the dorsal and
ventral
diaphragms.
petiolate Attached by a narrow stalk or stem.
petiolate. Stalked, drawn out
into an extended process.
petiole A stalk or stem;
the narrow stalk or stem by which the abdomen is attached to the thorax
(Hymenoptera~; in
ants,
the nodelike first segment of the abdomen.
petiole. Part of the
metasoma, usually metasomal segment 1; the usually narrow, parallel-sided stalk
joining the rest
of the
metasoma to the propodeum.
pH A measure of the
acidity or alkalinity of a medium A pH
value of 7.0 indicates neutral; lower values indicate acid,
and
higher values alkaline. Defined as ‑log IH~I.
phallotreme External opening of the male reproductive system on the aedeagus.
phallus The male copulatory
organ, including any processes that may be present at its base.
pharynx The anterior part of
the foregut, between the mouth and the esophagus.
pheromone A
substance given off by one individual that causes a specific reaction by other
individuals of the same
species,
such as sex attractants, alarm substances, etc.
photoperiod The relative amount of time during
phragma (pl., phragmata) A platelike apodeme or invagination of the dorsal wall of the
thorax.
phylum (pl., phylal)
One of the dozen or so major divisions of the animal kingdom.
phytophagous Feeding on plants.
pictured With spots or bands
(pictured wings.
pilifer One of a pair of
lateral projections on the labrum (Lepidoptera).
pilose Covered with hair.
placoid sensillum (pl., placoid sensilla). An
elongated, appressed, plate-like or rounded roof-like or groove-like sensory
structure; it is usually used when referring to the flagellar segments.
planidium larva
A type of first‑instar larva in certain Diptera and Hymenoptera
that undergoes hypermetamorphosis;
a
larva that is legless and somewhat flattened.
plantar lobe.
A small membranous pad projecting from the ventral apex of tarsomeres
1-4.
plastron A bed of very dense
and very fine hairs used to hold an air bubble close to the body and across
which gas
exchange
takes place.
platyform larva A
larva that is extremely flattened, as the larva of Psephenidae; also called
onisciform larva.
pleural wing process The structure articulating with the wing (specifically with the
second axillary scleritej.
pleural apophysis (or arm j Internal process extending from the pleural suture to
the sternal apophyses. pleural suture
(or sulcusl A suture of a thoracic pleuron
extending from the base of the wing to the base of the coxa, which
separates
the episternum and epimeron.
pleural Pertaining
to the pleura, or lateral sclerites of the body; lateral.
pleural groove.
A groove on the mesopleuron and metapleuron extending between the wing
base and the coxal
articulation;
it separates the episternum from the epimeron.
pleurite A lateral or
pleural sclerite.
pleuron (pl., pleura)
The lateral area of a segment.
pleuron (pl., pleura;
adj., pleural). The lateral part of a body segment, usually
of a thoracic segment where the pleuron
occupies
the lateral as well as the ventral areas of the mesothorax and metathorax.
pleuropodium
Embryonic appendages of the first abdommal segment.
pleurotergite A sclerite containing both pleural and tergal elements.
plicae. folds
plumose Featherlike; plumose
antenna.
podite A segment of an
arthropod leg, moved by muscles inserted in its base.
polyculture A mixed stand of
crop plants.
polyembryony Division of a
single egg to form several identical embryos.
polyethism The presence of
several discrete types of behavior by different groups of individuals in
colonies of social
insects.
polylectic Utilizing a
variety of plant species as sources of pollen.
polymorphism The presence of
two or more distinct, structurally different types of individuals within the
same stage
of one
species.
polyphagous Feeding on a broad
array of plant or animal species.
population dynamics The forces that
control population size, and their effects.
population regulation
The maintenance of an approximately constant population size and
density, and the forces that
control
it.
population resilience
The capacity of a population to adapt to change or to persist in a
changing environment.
population stability
The ability of a population to absorb disturbance and to return to
an equilibrium state.
precoccinelline A defensive
allomone produced by lady beetles during autohemorrhage.
precocene An insect growth
regulator produced by certain plants that depresses the source of juvenile
hormone.
preimaginal conditioning
Conditioning of an immature insect that persists into the adult
stage.
prepupa A resting stage of
the last larval instar, prior to the molt to the pupal stage.
pretarsus The most distal
segment of the insect leg, bearing the claws and arolium.
primary defense A defense
mechanism that is continuously present, such as crypsis.
primer pheromone A pheromone that
acts to modify the phvsiological state of an animal.
proctodeum The hindgut of
insects.
procuticle The inner zone of
the insect cuticle, containing chitin and protein, divisible into exocuticle
and endocuticle.
progressive provisioning
The supplying of food to the offspring over time, as the offspring
grow.
proleg A fleshy,
unjointed "false leg," occurring ventrally on the abdomen of caterpillars
and other larval insects.
poikilothermous
Cold‑blooded, the body temperature rising or falling with the
environmental temperature.
point A small triangle of
stiff paper, using in mounting small insects.
pollen basket See corbicula.
pollen rake A comblike row of bristles at
polyembryony An egg developing into two or more embryos.
polytrophic ovariole Meroistic ovariole in which trophocytes pass into the
vitellarium with the oocyte.
porrect Extending forward
horizontally; porrect antennae.
postabdomen The modified posterior segments of the abdomen, which are usually
more slender than the anterior
segments
(Crustacea); see also the postabdomen in a scorpion.
postalar callus A
rounded swelling on each side of the mesonotum, between the base of the wing
and the scutellum
(Diptera).
posterior Hind or rear.
posterior cross vein
A cross vein at the apex of the discal cell (Diptera)
posterior lingual plate.
A sclerite on the posterior (ventral) surface of the glossa.
posterior cell One of the cells extending to the hind margin of the wing,
between the third and sixth longitudinal veins
(Diptera).
postgena (adj., postgenal). The lower part of the occiput; when the
occipital carina is absent, the gena and postgena
are
continuous, and the entire lower area constitutes the gena (also see occiput).
postgena (pl., postgenae) A
sclerite on the posterior lateral surface of the head, posterior to the gena.
postgenal bridge Mesal extension of the postgenae on each side to meet below the
foramen magnum.
posthumeral bristles Bristles on the anterolateral surface of the mesonotum, just
posterior to the humeral callus
(Diptera).
postmarginal vein The vein along the anterior margin of the front wing, beyond the
point where the stigmal vein arises
(Hymen6ptera)
postmentum The basal portion of the labium, proximad of the labial suture.
postnodal cross veins A series of cross veins just behind the costal margin of the wing,
between the nodus and stigma,
and
extending from the costal margin of the wing to Rl (Odonata).
postnotum (pl., postnota) A notal
plate behind the scutellum bearing a phragma, often present in wing‑bearing
segments. A posterior sclerite of the mesonotum and
metanotum behind the scutellum. The
postnotum of the
metathorax
is fused dorsally with abdominal tergum 1 and laterally with the metepimeron;
in Apocrita the
postnotum
is seldom visible, and then only as an impressed line in front of the
propodeum.
postoccipital suture The
transverse suture on the head immediately posterior to the occipital suture.
postocciput (adj., postoccipital). A narrow
area surrounding the foramen magnum; it is separated from the occiput by
the
postoccipital groove. The extreme
posterior rim of the head, between the postoccipital suture and the
foramen
magnum.
postpectal carina.
In Ichneumonoidea, the posterior transverse carina ventrally on the
mesopleuron, just in front of
the
mesocoxa.
postpetiole
The second segment of a two‑segmented pedicel jantsl.
postscutellum A
small transverse piece of a thoracic notum immediately behind the scutellum,
in Diptera, an area
immediately
behind or below the mesoscutellum.
postvertical bristles A pair of bristles behind the ocelli, usually situated on the
posterior surface of the head (Diptera).
preapical Situated just before the apex; preapical tibial bristles of
Diptera.
prebasilare A
narrow transverse sclerite, just basal to the mentum in the gnathochilarium of
some millipedes.
precosta The most anterior of
the major longitudinal wing veins laccording to Kukalova‑Peckl.
predaceous Feeding as a predator.
predator An animal that
attacks and feeds on other animals (its prey), usually animals smaller or less
powerful than
itself.
The prey is usually killed and mostly or entirely eaten; many prey individuals
are eaten by each predator.
prefemur The second
trochanter segment of the leg.
pregenital Anterior to the genital segments of the abdomen.
prementum The
distal part of the labium, distad of the labial suture, on which all the labial
muscles have their
insertions.
prementum. A labial sclerite
that articulates basally with the mentum and bearing the glossae, paraglossae,
and palpi
apically.
preoral Anterior to or in
front of the mouth.
prepectus An area along the anteroventral margin of the mesepisternum, set
off by a suture (Hymenoptera)
prepectus. A sclerite of the
thorax between the pronotum and the mesepisternum (also see epicnemium).
prepupa A quiescent stage
between the larval period and the pupal period; the third instar of a thrips.
prestigma. The enlarged and
sclerotized apex of one or more veins on the anterior margin of the wing basal
to the
costal
notch and almost continuous with the stigma.
presutural bristles
Bristles on the mesonotum immediately anterior to the transverse suture
and adjacent to the
notopleuron
(Diptera).
pretarsus (pl, pretarsi) The terminal segment of the leg, typically consisting of a pair of
claws and one or more padlike
structures.
pretarsus. The apical segment
of a leg, bearing teh claws and associated structures (also see arolium).
pro-. A Latin prefix
meaning "before" or "anterior"; used with Latin, latinized,
or Greek words to indicate the anterior
(usually
1st) part of a structure.
proboscis The extended
beaklike mouthparts.
proclinate Inclined forward or downward.
proctodaeum The hindgut, or the hindmost of the three major divisions of the
alimentary tract, from the Malpighian
tubules
to the anus.
procuticle The form in which the cuticle is initially secreted by the
epidermis, before sclerotization takes place.
produced Extended, prolonged,
or projecting.
proepimeron (pl., proepimeral) The epimeron of the prothorax.
proepisternum (pl., proepisterna) The
episternum of the prothorax.
profile The outline as seen
from the side or in lateral view.
prognathous Having the head horizontal and the mouthparts projecting forward.
prognathous.
With the head somewhat in the same plane as the body (horizontal) so the
mouthparts are directed
anteriorly
(cf. hypognathous).
proleg One of the fleshy
abdominal legs of certain insect larvae.
prominence A
raised, produced, or projecting portion.
prominent Raised, produced, or projecting.
promote To move anteriorly.
pronate To turn the leading
edge of the wing downward.
pronotal collar
The horizontal surface of the
posterior to the sloping, and often narrowing, region
immediately
behind the head.
pronotal comb
A row of strong spines borne on the posterior margin of the pronotum
(Siphonaptera).
pronotal flange
The anterior projected rim of the pronotum; it is often hidden by the
head.
pronotal lobe.
The rounded posterolateral extension of the pronotum that covers the
mesothoracic spiracle.
pronotal plate.
In Cynipoidea, the dorsal disc of the pronotum.
pronotum (adj., pronotal). The dorsal sclerite of the prothorax; in
most Hymenoptera, occupying also the dorsolateral
or
lateral part of the prothorax. The
dorsal, often shieldlike sclerite of the prothorax.
propleural bristles
Bristles located on the propleuron (Diptera).
propleuron (pl., propleural) The lateral portion, or pleuron, of the
prothorax.
propleuron (pl., propleura). The lateral
part of the prothorax. In Hymenoptera,
it is displaced a bit by the pronotum
so as
to occupy an oblique position ventrolateral and anterior to the pronotum.
propneustic. Lateral spiracles on the thorax.
propodeal carina.
In Ichneumonoidea, one or more named, usually distinct, transverse or
longitudinal ridges on the
propodeum.
propodeum (adj., propodeal). In Apocrita, the first tergum of the
abdomen, widely and immovably fused with the
metanotum
and with each metapleuron of the thorax, and usually narrowly and flexibly
joined to the rest of
the
abdomen (also see abdomen, metasoma, thorax).
The posterior portion of the thorax, which is actually the
first
abdominal segment united with the thorax (Hymenoptera, suborder Apocrita).
proprioception
Detection by an animal of
proprioreceptor A sense organ that
detects the relative position of parts of an animal's own body.
prosoma A term referring to
the anterior part of the body, usually applied to the cephalothorax; the
anterior part of the
head
or cephalothorax.
prosternum.
A ventral sclerite of the prothorax, between the propleura. The sternum, or ventral sclerite, of the
prothorax.
protelean parasite An entomophagous
insect that attacks its prey only when the attacking insect is immature, the
adult
being
free living.
prothoracic glands Endocrine organs
located in the prothorax of immature insects, secreting molting hormone.
Endocrine
glands located in the prothorax generally that secrete ecdysone.
prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) A hormone
secreted by neurosecretory cells of the brain and serving to activate
the
prothoracic glands.
prothorax. The first of the 3
primary subdivisions of the thorax, composed of the pronotum, the propleuron,
and the
prosternum. The anterior of the three thoracic segments.
protocerebrum The largest and
most anterior part of the brain, which includes the optic lobes. The dorsal lobes of the
brain,
innervating linter alial the compound
eyes and ocelli.
protonymph The second instar of a mite.
proventriculus The portion of the
foregut, just before the midgut, that controls entry of food into the midgut;
often
lined
with sclerotized teeth that grind the food.
The valve between the foregut and midgut.
proximad Toward the end or
portion nearest the body.
proximal Nearer to the body
or to the base of an appendage.
Referring to the part of an appendage that is closest to
the
body.
prozonite The anterior
portion of a millipede tergum when the tergum is divided by a transverse
groove.
pruinose Covered with a
whitish waxy powder.
pseudarolium jpl., pseudarolial A pad
at the apex of the tarsus resembling an
arolium.
pseudocercus ipl.,
pseudocerci~ See urogomphi.
pseudocubitus A
vein appearing as the cubitus, but actually formed by the fusion of the
branches of M and Cu,
(Neuroptera).
pseudomedia A
vein appearing as the media, but actually formed by the fusion of branches of
Rs (Neuroptera).
pseudopupa A
coarctate larva; a larva in a quiescent pupalike condition, one or two instars
before the true pupal stage
(Coleoptera,
Meloidae).
pseudovipositor See oviscapt.
pteralia See axillary sclentes.
pterygote A winged insect,
or a wingless insect believed to have been derived from winged ancestors.
pteropleural bristles
Bristles on the pteropleuron (Diptera).
pteropleuron jpl., pteropleura1 A
sclerite on the side of the thorax just below the base of the wing, and consisting
of
the
upper part of the mesepimeron (Diptera).
pterostigma A
thickened opaque spot along the costal margin of the wing, near the wing tip
lalso called the stigmal
(Odonata).
pterothorax The wing‑bearing segments of the thorax (mesothorax and
metathoraxl.
pterygote Winged; a member of the subclass Pterygota.
ptilinum A temporary
bladderlike structure that can be inflated and thrust out through the frontal
lor ptilinal~ suture,
just
above the bases of the antennae, at the time of emergence from the puparium
(Diptera) See brain hormone.
pubescence.
The short, fine, often closely set setae on the body.
pubescent Downy, covered with
short fine hairs.
pulvilliform Lobelike or padlike; shaped like a pulvillus; pulvilliform empodium.
pulvillus (pl.,
pulvilli) A pad or lobe beneath each
tarsal claw (Diptera).
punctate Pitted or beset
with punctures.
punctate. Having fine,
impressed points or pits.
punctiform. With impressed pits or depressions)
puncture A tiny pit or
depression.
pupa (pl., pupae)
The stage between the larva and the adult in insects with complete
metamorphosis, a nonfeeding and
usually
an inactive stage.
pupariation Formation of the puparium
by larvae of Diptera.
puparium (pl., puparia) A case formed by the hardening of the last
larval skin, in which the pupa is formed.
pupate To transform to a
pupa.
pupiparous Giving birth to larvae that are full grown and ready to pupate.
pygidial plate.
A specialized area of the tergum of the last externally visible segment
of the metasoma; it is usually
flattened
and defined laterally by ridges or grooves.
pygidium The last dorsal
segment of the abdomen.
pyloric valve The valve between
the midgut and hindgut.
<Q terms>
quadrangle A
cell immediately beyond the arculus (Odonata, Zygoptera)
quadrate Four‑sided.
qualitative defenses of plants Toxins and small‑molecular‑weight compounds (such as
alkaloids) that are active
against
the physiological systems of phytophagous insects.
quantitative defenses of plants Complex, digestibility‑reducing substances (such as tannins)
that reduce the ability
of
insects to feed on plants.
queen substance A pheromone produced
by the queen honey bee and serving various functions in the hive as well as
during
mating and swarming flights.
<R terms>
radial cell A
cell bordered anteriorly by a branch of the radius; the marginal cell
(Hymen6ptera)
radial cross vein A
cross vein connecting Rl and the branch of the radius immediately behind it.
radial sector
The posterior of the two main branches of the radius.
radicle. The basal part of
the scape often strongly defined by a constriction; it articulates with the torulus.
radius The longitudinal
vein between the subcosta and the media.
raptorial Fitted for grasping prey; raptoriai front legs.
reaction chain A continuous
series of behavioral acts, each of which is dependent on completion of the
preceding act.
reclinate Inclined backward
or upward.
rectal pad A portion of the
rectum containing enlarged cells, responsible for active water and ion uptake
from the
contents
of the rectum.
rectum The posterior
region of the hindgut.
recumbent. Referring to a
seta lying parallel to the body surface.regulatory control The use of enforceable regulations
to
prevent the spread of a pest or to suppress or eradicate it.
recurrent vein
One of two transverse veins immediately posterior to the cubital vein
(Hymenoptera); a vein at the base
of the
wing between the costa and the subcosta, extending obliquely from the subcosta
to the costa
(Neuroptera).
recurved Curved upward or
backward.
releaser An environmental or
communicative stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.
releaser pheromone A pheromone that
acts via the central nervous system to produce a quick behavioral response.
releasing mechanism An innate capacity
to respond in a particular way to a specific stimulus .
remote To move
posteriorly.
reniform Kidney‑shaped.
resilin A rubberlike,
proteinaceous constituent of the insect procuticle.
resting potential The slight charge
that can be measured in an unstimulated nerve cell.
reticulate.
Covered with a network of lines; meshed or webbed. Like a network.
retina The receptive
apparatus of an eye.
retinula cell A monopolar
sensory neuron within an ommatidium of the compoun‑l eye.
retractile
Capable of being pushed out and drawn back in.
rhabdom The central,
rodlike element in an ommatidium, consisting of several rhabdomeres, one from
each retinula
cell. A rodlike light‑sensitive structure
formed of the inner surfaces of adiacent sensory cells in the omma
tidium
of a compound eye.
Riker mount A
thin glass‑topped exhibition case filled with cotton.
rostrum Beak or snout.
round dance A torm of
recruitment in the honey bee, used when a food source close to the hive is
communicated to
other
bees.
royal jelly A nutritive
substance produced by glands in the heads of worker honey bees and fed to the
larvae. Larvae
fed
this diet throughout development produce queens.
r‑strategist A species
characterized by having rapid development, high motility, and a high
reproductive rate relative
to a K‑strategist
.
rudimentary Reduced in size, poorly developed, embryonic.
rugose Wrinkled.
rugose. Wrinkled
<S terms>
saprophagous feeding on dead or decaying plant or animal materials, such as carrion,
dung, dead logs, etc.
saprophagous Feeding on dead
organic matter.
scape The most basal
segment of the antenna. The first
primary division or segment of the antenna; it articulates
apically
with the pedicel and basally with the torulus.
scapula (pl.,
scapulae) One of two sclerites on the
mesonotum immediately lateral of the notauli (Hymenoptera); also
called
parapsis.
scarabaeiform larva
A grublike larva, that is, one
with the body thickened and cylindrical, with a well‑developed head
and
thoracic legs, without prolegs, and usually sluggish.
scavenger An animal that feeds on dead plants or animals, or decaying
materials, or on animal wastes.
scent gland A
gland producing an odorous substance.
scientific name A
latinized name, internationally recognized, of a species or subspecies. The
scientific name of a
species
consists of the generic and specific names, and that of a subspecies consists
of the generic, specific,
and
subspecific names. Scientific names are always printed in italics.
sclerite A more or less
rigid cuticular plate. A hardened body‑wall
plate bounded by sutures or membranous areas.
A hardened plate of the integument; it is
separated from other such plates by sutures or membrane.
sclerotin Cuticular protein that
has been hardened and darkened through cross‑linkage of the molecules.
sclerotization
The process of becoming hardened.
sclerotized Hardened. Referring to the
body integument; relatively stiff and usually darkly pigmented areas compared
with usually
colorless and flexible membranous areas.
scolopidium
A sensillum located beneath the cuticle and modified for the reception
of vibrations .
scolopophorous organ
See campaniform sensillum.
scolytoid larva A
fleshy larva resembling the larva of a scolytid beetle.
scopa (pl., scopae). In Apiformes, a brush-like structure of
short stiff hairs of equal length used for collecting pollen.
A small, dense tuft of hair.
scramble competition
Competition in which many individuals "scramble" for a
limited resource, such as food.
scraper The sharpened anal
angle of the front wing jtegmenl of a cricket or long‑horned
grasshopper, a part of the
stridulating
mechanism.
scrobal groove.
A horizontal groove on the mesopleuron that may be continuous with the
episternal groove anteriorly
and
ends at the pleural groove posteriorly.
scrobe (adj., scrobal). A groove or furrow; antennal scrobe. A groove in the body integument for the
reception or
concealment
of an appendage, e.g., a longitudinal depression of the head above each torulus
for reception of
the
scape or a groove on the mesopleuron for reception of the mesofemur; the scrobe
of the mesepisternum is
a
small pit.
sculpture. Markings or a
pattern of impressions or elevations on the surface of a structure.
scutellum (pl., scutella;
adj., scutellar). The middle region of the mesonotum or
metanotum, behind the scutum. In
Apocrita,
only the mesoscutellum is evident and is simply named the scutellum, whereas in
Symphyta both the
mesoscutellum
and metascutellum are present. A
sclerite of the thoracic notum; the mesoscutellum, appearing
as a
more or less triangular sclerite behind the pronotum (Hemiptera, Homoptera,
Coleoptera).
scutum (pl., scuta;
adj., scutal). The anterior sclerite of a notum, in front
of the scutellum. In Apocrita, the
mesoscutum
is functionally only the area in front of the transscutal articulation; the
axilla, although
morphologically
part of the mesoscutum, is treated separately (also see axilla). The middle division of a
thoracic notum,
just anterior to the scutellum.
sebaceous glands
Glands secreting fatty or oily material.
secondary defense A defensive
mechanism that is brought into play only in the presence of a threat--for
example, an
aggressive
display.
secondary pest An insect that
does not normally attain pest status except when insecticides destroy its
natural enemies.
secondary plant substance
A substance produced by a plant that plays no role in the basic
metabolism of the plant.
sectorial cross vein
A cross vein connecting two branches of the radial sector.
segment. A ring or
subdivision of the body or of an appendage between areas of flexibility, and bearing
intrinsic
muscles. A subdivision of the body or of an
appendage, between joints or articulations.
seminal vesicle An expansion of
the vas deferens of the male in which sperm are stored. A structure, usually saclike,
in
which the seminal fluid of the male is
stored before being discharged; usually an enlargement of the vas
deferens.
semiaquatic
Living in wet places or partially in water.
sense cone or sense peg A minute cone or peg, sensory in function.
sensillum (pl., sensilla) An
integumental sense organ, consisting of sensory neurons and associated
cuticular structures.
A simple sense organ, such as a seta, or one
of the structural units of a compound sense organ. An organ
capable
of detecting external stimuli.
sensory filtering The process of
receiving only certain specific stimuli among the many potential stimuli
impinging
on the
body.
sensory neuron
A neuron capable of generating an action potential in response to an
external stimulus lsuch as physical
displacement,
temperature, humidity, chemicals, etc.l.
serial homology Homology within an
insect due to the repetition of components of an organ system in each body
segment.
serrate Toothed along the
edge like a saw; serrate antenna.
sessile Attached or fastened,
incapable of moving from place to place; attached directly, without a stem or
petiole. One
structure
attached to another, without a distinct constriction (cf. pedunculate,
petiolate).
seta (pl., setae;
adj., setal). A slender, hair-like, usually sensory
extension of the cuticle, connected to the body wall
by a
socket. A bristle. A movable hair of the integument, typically
forming a sensillum.
setaceous
Bristlelike; setaceous antenna.
setate Provided with bristles.
setulose Bearing short, blunt
bristles. sigmoid Shaped like the letter S.
sibling species Closely related
species that are difficult to distinguish by ordinary means.
sign stimulus A stimulus for
which an animal has evolved a specific response pattem.
simple Unmodified, not
complicated; not forked, toothed, branched, or divided.
social parasite An insect that
invades or lays its eggs in the nest of another insect and develops on food in
the nest.
spatulate Spoon‑shaped; broad apically and narrowed basally, and
flattened.
species A group of
individuals or populations that are similar in structure and physiology and are
capable of
interbreeding
and producing fertile offspring, and that are different in structure and/or physiology
from other
such
groups and normally do not interbreed with them.
spectral vein.
A wing vein that is indicated only by a ridge or furrow on the wing
surface; it has no trace of pigment
and cn
only be seen with reflected light (cf. tubular, nebulous veins).
sperm duct A
tube connecting the bursa copulatrix of ditrysian Lepid6ptera to the vagina.
sperm follicle
A tubelike subdivision of the testis in which spermatogenesis occurs.
sperm precedence In multiple matings,
the tendency for sperm from the most recent mating to fertilize the eggs.
spermatheca
(pl., spermathecae) A saclike structure in the female in which
sperm from the male are received and
often
stored. A small sac associated with the
median oviduct of the female, in which sperm are stored