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GUIDE TO INSECT ORDERS & FAMILIES, WITH EMPHASIS ON

 

 PARASITOIDS & PREDATORS 1

 

E. F. Legner, University of California, Riverside

 

(Email Contacts)

 

This key is in a form commonly used in North America.  If the statement is true, proceed to the designated couplet, whereas if it is false, go to the "b" portion of the couplet.  Numbers in parentheses refer to the previous couplet or couplets read.  Details on families may be found in  <Principal Groups>. See MORPHOLOGY to learn about insect structure. -- The Class Entognatha is included herein  Citations

 

(For References, please refer to  <Biology References> & <General References> [Additional

references may be found at:  MELVYL Library]

 

Navigate directly to:  Coleoptera   Diptera   Hemiptera   Lepidoptera   Neuroptera

 

Strepsiptera   Hymenoptera  (Chalcidoidea    Pteromalidae Subfamiliea)

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----Please CLICK on desired underlined categories to view pictures and to navigate in the key

[A   will display all images for both pairs of a couplet]

 

[Interactive Key Print-out]

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                                                                                                                                             Key continues with <insect2.htm>

 

2

1a.    Adults have well-developed wings

 

28

1b.    Adults wingless or with wings vestigial or rudimentary (nymphs, larvae & some adults)

 \

3

2a (1a).    Wings membranous, not hardened or leathery

 

24

2b.    Front wings hardened or leathery, at least at base (Figs.A-E); hind wings, if present, usually membranous . . . . A

 

4

3a (3a).    Only 1 pair of wings

 

10

3b.    Two pairs of wings

 

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4a (3a).    Body shaped like a grasshopper; pronotum ( = dorsal plate or sclerite of prothorax) extends back over abdomen and is pointed apically; hind legs enlarged (Figs.A-F) [pygmy grasshoppers ... A ........ Orthoptera  <Habits>; <Adults> & [Latest Classification[

 

5

4b. Body not shaped like a grasshopper;  pronotum not as previous; hind legs not so enlarged.

 

217

5a (4b).     Antennae with at least 1 segment bearing along lateral process; front wings minute, hind wings like a fan (Figs.A-B); minute insects [male twisted-winged parasitoids)  A  Strepsiptera  <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

6

5b.     Does not fit previous description exactly

 

7

6a (5b).    Abdomen with 1-3 thread-like or bristle-like caudal (= tail) filaments; mouthparts vestigia

 

8

6b.     Abdomen without thread-like or bristle-like caudal filaments; mouthparts almost always developed, mandibulate (= chewing)  or for sucking

 

---

7a (6a).    Antennae long and conspicuous; abdomen terminates in one long style (rarely 2); wings with a single forked vein (Fig.A); halteres (= knobbed modified hind wings) present and  usually terminating in a hooklike bristle; minute insects,  usually <5 mm in length [male scale insects] ......   A ,,,,,,.. Homoptera  <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

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7b.    Antennae short, bristle-like, and inconspicuous; abdomen with 2-3 thread-like caudal filaments; wings with numerous veins and cells; halteres absent; usually >5 mm in length  (Fig. A) [mayflies] ...... Ephemeroptera  <Habits> [Latest Classification]

 

88

8a (6b).    Tarsi almost always with 5 segments; mouthparts for sucking; hind wings knob-like, reduced to halteres (Figs.A-E); body lightly sclerotized  (= hardened) [flies] ..... A. .Diptera   <Habits>;  <Juveniles>   [Latest Classification]

 

9

8b.    Tarsi with 2-3-segments; mouthparts variable; hind wings reduced or absent, not haltere-like

 

---

9a (8b).    Mouthparts mandibulate (Figs.A-E)[psocids] ...... A ... Psocoptera  (Corrodentia)   <Habits, #2>; <Adults, #2> & <Juveniles, #2>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

9b.    Mouthparts for sucking (Figs.A-C) [some planthoppers & leafhoppers] ......... Homoptera     <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

227

10a (3b).    Wings mostly or entirely covered with scales (Fig. A); mouthparts usually in the form of a coiled proboscis (Fig.B); antennae with many segments (Figs.C-G) [butterflies & moths] ....... A ..... Lepidoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

11

10b.    Wings not covered with scales; mouthparts not a coiled proboscis, antennae variable

 

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11a (10b).    Wings long and narrow, veinless or with only 1-2 veins, and fringed with long hairs (Fig.A); tarsi with 1-2 segments, the last segment swollen; minute insects, usually <5 mm in length (Figs.A-D) [thrips] ....... A ........ Thysanoptera  <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

12

11b.    Wings not as previously described , or if wings are somewhat linear, then the tarsi have more than 2 segments

 

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12a (11b).    Front wings relatively large and usually triangular; hind wings small and usually rounded, the wings at rest held together above the body; wings usually with many veins and cells; antennae short, bristle-like, and inconspicuous; abdomen with 2-3 thread-like caudal filaments (Fig.A); delicate, soft-bodied insects (Fig.B)  [mayflies] ... A ......  Ephemeroptera  <Habits> [Latest Classification]

 

13

12b.    Not as previously described

 

14

13a (12b).    Tarsi with 5 segments

 

17

13b.    Tarsi with 4 or less segments

 

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14a (13a).    Front wings obviously hairy; mouthparts usually very much reduced except for the palps; antennae usually as long as body or longer; somewhat soft-bodied insects  (Figs.A-F) [caddis flies .... A ...... Trichoptera   <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

15

14b.    Front wings not hairy, at the most with microscopic hairs; mandibles well developed; antennae shorter than body

 

118

15a (14b).    Body quite hard, wasplike insects; clypeus not elongated; the abdomen often constricted at base, 1st abdominal segment fused to thorax; fore wings distinctly larger than  hind wings and with fewer veins; front wings with 20 or less cells (Figs.A-F)[sawflies, bees and wasps] ....... A ........ Hymenoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

16

15b.      Body soft, not wasplike, the abdomen not constricted at base; hind wings about the same size as front wings and usually with about as many veins; front wings frequently with more than 20 cells

 

194

16a (15b).    Costal area of front wings (= area just behind anterior margin) nearly always with numerous cross veins per pair of longitudinal veins (Fig.A), or if not (Fig.B) then hind wings shorter than front wings; mouthparts not prolonged ventrally into a beak  (Figs.C-G) [lacewings, dobsonflies, antlions]  ... A ........ Neuroptera   <General Characateristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

16b.    Costal area of front wings with not more than 2-3 cross veins per pair of longitudinal veins (Fig.A); mouthparts prolonged ventrally to form a beak-like process (Figs.B-D [scorpionflies].......... Mecoptera   <Habits>; <Adults> &  <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

17a (13b).    Hind wings as long as front wings and of the same shape or wider at base, the wings at rest held above the body or extended out (never held flat over abdomen); wings with many veins and cells; antennae short, bristle-like, and inconspicuous; abdomen long and slender (Figs.A-B); tarsi with 3 segments; length 20-85 mm [dragonflies, damselflies)  A .... Odonata   <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

18

17b.    Not as previously described

 

19

18a (17b).    Mouthparts for sucking

 

20

18b.    Mouthparts mandibulate (= chewing)

 

140

19a (18a).    Beak arises from front part of head (Figs.A-E) [gnat bugs..Hemiptera /Heteroptera ...... A

 

---

19b.    Beak arises from hind part of head (Fig.A) [cicadas, some hoppers, aphids, some psyllids  and whiteflies] ...... Homoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

20a (18b).    Tarsi with 4 segments; front and hind wings similar in size, shape and venation  (Figs.A-E)  cerci tiny  or absent [termites] ..... A ...... Isoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

21

20b.    Tarsi with 3 or less segments; hind wings usually shorter than front wings; cerci either present or absent

 

---

21a (20b).    Hind wings with anal area nearly always enlarged and forming a lobe, which is \ folded like a fan at rest; venation varying from normal to very dense, the front wings usually with several cross veins between Cu-1 and M and between Cu-1 and Cu-2 (Fig. A); cerci present and often fairly long; mostly 10 mm or more in length; nymphs aquatic, and adults usually near water (Figs.A-F) [stoneflies] .... A ...... Plecoptera  <Habits>; <Adults> &  <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

22

21b.    Hind wings without an enlarged anal area and not folded at rest; venation normal or reduced, with no extra cross veins; short cerci present or absent; mostly 10 mm in length or less; nymphs not aquatic and adults not regularly near water

 

---

22a (21b).    Tarsi with 3 segments, basal segment of front tarsi enlarged   A  ....(Figs.A-B) [webspinners] ...... Embioptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

23

22b.    Tarsi with 2-3 segments, basal segment of front tarsi not enlarged

 

---

23a (22b).    Cerci present; tarsi with 2 segments; wing venation reduced (Figs.A-D); moniliform  (= bead-like) antennae  with 9 segments ..... A ........ Zoraptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

23b.    Cerci absent; tarsi with 2-3 segments; wing venation not much reduced (Figs.A-D) ;antennae not moniliform, usually long and hairlike, with 13 or more segments  ...... Psocoptera (= Corrodentia)

 

25

24a (2b).    Mouthparts for sucking, beak elongated and usually segmented (Figs.A-B)...... A

 

26

24b.    Mouthparts mandibulate

 

140

25a (24a).    Beak arises from front of head (Fig.A); basal portion of fore wing usually thickened and leathery, but membranous at tip, the tips overlapping at rest (Fig.B)   A  [true bugs] ..... Hemiptera / Heteroptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

25b.    Beak arises from hind part of head, often appearing to begin at base of front legs; front  wings of uniform texture throughout, the tips not, or only slightly, overlapping at rest [leafhoppers & some psyllids] ....... Homoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

26a (24b).    Abdominal cerci like forceps (Fig.A); front wings short, leaving most of abdomen  exposed; tarsi with 3 segments (Fig.A) [earwigs] ..... A ........ Dermaptera   <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

27

26b.    Abdominal cerci not like forceps, or if cerci appear as such, then front wings cover most of abdomen; tarsi variable

 

152

27a (26b).    Front wings entirely leathery and without veins and usually meet in a straight line down middle of back; antennae generally with 11 or fewer segments and have diverse shapes (Figs.A-I); hind wings narrow, usually longer than front wings when unfolded, and with few veins (Figs.J-O) [beetles] .... A ...... Coleoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

27b.    Front wings with veins and either held like a roof over abdomen or overlapping over abdomen when at rest; antennae generally with >12 segments; hind wings broad, usually shorter than front wings, and with many veins (Fig.A), usually folded like a fan at rest  [crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches and preying mantids]..... Orthoptera   <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

29

28a (1b).    Body usually insect-like, with segmented legs and usually segmented antennae

 

74

28b.    Body generally worm-like, body regions (except possibly head) not well differentiated, and segmented thoracic legs absent; antennae present or absent

 

88

29a (28a).    Front wings present but rudimentary; hind wings absent or represented by halteres;tarsi almost always with 5 segments [some flies] ......... Diptera <Habits>;  <Juveniles>   [Latest Classification]

 

30

29b.    Wings entirely absent or with 4 rudimentary wings and no halteres; tarsi variable

 

---

30a (29b).     Antennae absent; length 1.5 mm or less (Fig.A); usually occur in soil or leaf litter.   A ....... Protura (in Class Entognatha)

 

31

30b.    Antennae usually present (sometimes small); size and habitat variable..........

 

32

31a (30b).    Ectoparasites of birds, mammals, or honey bees and usually found on the host; body somewhat leathery and usually flattened dorsoventrally or laterally

 

36

31b.    Free-living (not ectoparasitic), terrestrial or aquatic

 

33

32a (31a).    Tarsi with 5 segments; antennae short and usually concealed in grooves on head; mouthparts for sucking

 

34

32b.    Tarsi with fewer than 5 segments; antennae and mouthparts variable

 

---

33a (32a).    Body flattened laterally; usually jumping insects, with rather long legs (Fig.A)   A [fleas] ...... Siphonaptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

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33b.    Body flattened dorsoventrally; not jumping insects, legs usually short (Fig.A) [louse flies, bat flies & bee lice]......... Diptera   <Habits>;  <Juveniles>   [Latest Classification]

 

---

34a (32b).    Antennae decidedly longer than head; tarsi 3-segmented (Fig.A) [bed bugs and   A bat bugs] ....... Hemiptera / Heteroptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

35

34b.    Antennae not longer than head; tarsi with 1 segment

 

---

35a (34b).    Head as wide as or wider than prothorax; mouthparts mandibulate; parasites of birds  (with 2 tarsal claws) and mammals (with 1 small tarsal claw) (Figs.A-D)    A …[chewing lice] .... Mallophaga   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

35b.    Head usually more narrow than prothorax; mouthparts haustellate (= for sucking); parasites of mammals with 1 large tarsal claw (Figs.A-B) [sucking lice]… Phthiraptera (= Anoplura)   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

37

36a (31b).    Mouthparts for sucking, with a conical or elongated beak enclosing stylets

 

41

36b.    Mouthparts mandibulate (sometimes hidden in head), not beaklike

 

38

37a (36a).    Tarsi with 5 segments; maxillary or labial palps ( = segmented processes) present

 

39

37b.    Tarsi with 4 or fewer segments; palps small or absent

 

227

38a (37a).    Body covered with scales; beak usually in the form of a coiled tube; antennae long and with many segments [wingless moths] .......... Lepidoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

88

38b.    Body not covered with scales; beak not coiled; antennae variable, but often short, with 3 or less segments [wingless flies] ............ Diptera  <Habits>;  <Juveniles>   [Latest Classification]

 

---

39a (37b).    Mouthparts in the form of a cone located basally on ventral side of head; palps present but short; body elongated, usually <5 mm in length; antennae about as long as head and prothorax combined, not bristle-like, and 4-9 segmented; tarsi 1-2 segments, often without claws (Fig.A) [thrips ....... A ....... Thysanoptera   <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

40

39b.    Mouthparts as an elongated segmented beak; palps absent; other characters variable

 

140

40a (39b).    Beak arises from front part of head; antennae with 4-5 segments and not bristle-like; tarsi usually with 3 segments; abdomen without cornicles (= dorsal tubular structures on posterior abdomen ) [true bugs]. ... A.  Hemiptera / Heteroptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

---

40b.    Beak arises from rear of head; antennae either with >5 segments (and tarsi with 2 segments) or bristle-like (and tarsi with 3 segments); abdomen often with a pair of cornicles (Fig.A) [aphids, hoppers, etc.]...... Homoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

118

41a (36b).    Abdomen very constricted at base; antennae often elbowed; tarsi with 5 segments; bodies hard, ant-like [ants & wingless wasps ........ Hymenoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

42

41b.    Abdomen not very constricted at base; antennae not elbowed; tarsi variable

 

43

42a (41b).    Abdomen with 3 long thread-like caudal filaments and with style-like appendages on some abdominal segments (Fig.A); mouthparts mandibulate, but often somewhat   A retracted into head; body almost always covered with scales; terrestrial [bristletails]

 

44

42b.    Abdomen with only 2 thread-like caudal filaments or none; if with 3 [mayfly nymphs] then aquatic; other characters variable

 

---

43a (42a).    Compound eyes large and usually contiguous; body somewhat cylindrical, with thorax arched; ocelli present; middle and hind coxae often with styli; abdominal styli (= bristlelike processes) on segments 2-9 (Fig.A) .... A ......Class: Insecta; Subclass Monocondylia: Order: Arachaeognatha..…….... Microcoryphia

 

---

43b.    Compound eyes small and widely separated or absent; body somewhat flattened dorsoventrally, thorax not arched; ocelli present or absent; middle and hind coxae without styli;  abdominal segments 1-6 (sometimes 7) without styli (Fig.A) [silverfish] ….….. Thysanura  <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

45

44a (42b).    Aquatic insects, often with tracheal gills (= protruding externally at spiracles)

 

52

44b.    Terrestrial insects, without tracheal gills

 

46

45a (44a).    Nymphs; compound eyes and usually wing pads present

 

48

45b.    Larvae; compound eyes and wing pads absent

 

---

46a (45a).    Prehensile labium (= lower lip), folded under head at rest, and when extended much longer than head (Figs.A-G) [dragonfly and damselfly nymphs] ...... A ........ Odonata   <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

47

46b.    Labium normal, not as previously described

 

---

47a (46b).    Having 3 caudal filaments; tarsi with 1 claw; gills located on lateral margins of abdominal terga (= dorsal plates or sclerites)  and usually leaflike or plate-like  A ... (Figs.A-C) [mayfly nymphs]......... Ephemeroptera   <Habits> [Latest Classification]

 

---

47b.     With 2 caudal filaments; tarsi with 2 claws; gills mostly present, somewhat fingerlike, usually located on underside of thorax (Figs.A-D) [stonefly nymphs].......... Plecoptera   <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>  [Latest Classification]

 

227

48a (45b).    Having 5 pairs of prolegs (= fleshy abdominal legs) on ventral side of abdomen, the prolegs with tiny hooks (crochets) [aquatic caterpillars) ............ Lepidoptera   <Habits>  [Latest Classification]

 

49

48b.    Abdominal segments without prolegs or with only one terminal pair

 

194

49a (48b).    Mouthparts with 2 slender and elongated structures, longer than head; antennae long and slender, or least 1/3rd as long as body; tarsi with 1 claw (Fig.A); live in freshwater sponges [Sisyridae larvae] ... A ................ Neuroptera  <General Characateristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

50

49b.    Mouthparts, and usually also antennae, short and not as described previously

 

194

50a (49b).    Tarsi with 2 claws; abdomen with long slender lateral processes and a long slender terminal process (Figs A & B) [Sialidae] or with slender lateral processes and a pair of hooklike structures apically (Fig. C.) [Corydalidae, fishfly and alderfly larvae ...... A ........ Neuroptera   <General Characateristics>  [Latest Classification]

 

51

50b.    Tarsi with 1-2 claws; if with 2, then abdomen not as described previously

 

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Key continues with <insect2.htm>

 

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NOTE:

 

     Illustrations were simplified, corrected and/or updated to suit the present key. 

       However, please refer to cited authors for greater detail.