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BIOLOGICAL PEST
CONTROL DATABASE
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Background & Overview Ecological Considerations Behavior, Ontogeny & Reproduction in Natural Enemies
Techniques Employed in
Implementation Special Research
Groups & Integrated Control
Populations Evaluation of Natural Enemies Detailed Cases of BioControl References
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Section
1 <bc-1.htm> Introduction & Scope of Biological Pest
Control Economics. Important Terms References Section
2 <bc-2.htm> History of Biological
Control
Biological Control in the 18th Century Biological Control in the Early 19th
Century Biological Control in the Late 19th
Century Historical Summary References Section
3 <bc-3.htm> Biological
Characteristics of Arthropophagous Arthropods. Hyperparasitism,
Autoparasitism, Multiple Parasitism, etc. The Imago or Adult Parasitoid. Mating. Ovigenesis. Ovisorption References Section
4 <bc-4.htm> Organizations Active in
Biological Control
International Institute of Biological
Control L'Organisation Internationale de Lutte
Biologique. United States Department of Agriculture Individual Countries Suppliers of
Biological Control Organisms References Section
5 <bc-5.htm> Economic
Gains from Biological Control Cost Effectiveness Biological Control From Naturally
Occurring Organisms Estimation of the Benefits and Costs of
Classical Biological Control Analysis
of Successes in Biological Control
Multiple Versus "The Best"
Species Clausen's 3-Host Generation/
3-Year Rule Single Larval Parasitoid Importations. Single Pupal Parasitoid Generalizations. Pest Groups Natural Enemy Groups References Section
6 <bc-6.htm> Complexities Stimulation to Theories in Population
Dynamics and Ecology Future of Integrated Control Future of Insect Pathology Future of Biological Weed Control Future of Biological Control of Medically
Important Pests. References ECOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Section
7 <bc-7.htm> The
Role of Parasitoids and Predators in Natural Control Examples of Stability Measuring the Force of Natural Control Nature of Parasitism Occurrence of Parasitoidism in Insects Taxonomic Groups Important to Biological
Control General Ecology of Parasitoids Reproductive Strategies. Conclusions Exercises References Section
8 <bc-8.htm> Climate
as a Factor in the Natural Control of Organisms Introduction and Discussion Examples (cherry fruit fly, face fly, red scale,
walnut aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid, Japanese beetle, alfalfa weevil, black scale, Klamath weed, Mexican bean
beetle, American grizzly bear, aquatic weeds, house fly, eye
gnats) Conclusions... References Section
9 <bc-9.htm> Genetic
Considerations in Biological Control (Acquisition of Natural
Enemies, Breeding, Mass Releases) The Natural Population at its Origin Natural Enemy Introductions Improving Fitness of Natural Enemies Improving Tolerance to Pesticides Exercises References Section
10 <bc-10.htm> Extranuclear
Events Influencing Behavior and Fecundity in Parasitoids
and Other Animals Direct Effects of the
Cytoplasmic Genome Chemical Substances Affecting Behavior Muscidifurax
Parasitoid Complex Exercises References Section
11 <bc-11.htm> Homopterous Insects as Ideal Candidates Examples Demonstrating Precepts Cottony-cushion scale Florida red scale California red scale Olive scale Rhodesgrass scale Walnut aphid Orb-weaving spiders The Importance of Single Species in Determining
the Average Abundance of Plants and
Animals Table 11.1 (Examples showing host
densities dependent on one or two species) Conclusions Exercises References Section
12 <bc-12.htm> Competitive
Displacement,
Exclusion and Coexistence. Mechanisms of Competitive Displacement Competitive Displacement of Non-homologues Competitive Displacement and Biological
Control Exercises References Section
13 <bc-13.htm> Habitat,
Host-finding and Host Acceptance Habitat Effects on Natural Enemies Characteristics of the Habitat that
Attract or Repel Natural Enemies Host Food Affects Suitability for Parasitization Other Influences of Habitat Habitat Diversity vs. Similarity Affects
Population Stability Manner and Place of Oviposition Exercises Section
14 <bc-14.htm> BEHAVIOR,
ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION IN NATURAL ENEMIES Section
15 <bc-15.htm> Parthenogenesis Cytology Exercises Section
16 <bc-16.htm> Arrhenotokous
/ Thelytokous Reproduction Sex Determination Cytology Genetics Early Hypotheses Modern Hypotheses Some Generalities in Arrhenotokous
Reproduction Androgenesis Polyploidy The R
locus Incompatibility Factors Functional Aspects of Arrhenotokous
Reproduction Extranuclear Inheritance and Polygenes in
Arrhenotoky Recombinant
Hymenopteran Males Estimations of the Number of Active Polygenic Loci Dominance Some Generalities in Thelytokous
Reproduction Exercises References Section
17 <bc-17.htm> Embryology
/ Ontogeny / Anatomy Early Stages of Ontogeny Organization of the Ripe Egg Development of the Egg Cleavage. Gastrulation Segmentation Prenatal Development in Hymenoptera
Specifically Egg Size & Shape Common Egg Shapes in Parasitoids Polyembryony in Hymenoptera Post Natal Development Larval Feeding Larval Respiration Larval Anatomy Hypermetamorphosis Prepupa Pupa Rate of Development Exit from the Host Male Reproductive System Exercises References Section
18 <bc-18.htm> Oogenesis-Ovisorption
(oosorption, egg resorption) General Characteristics Physiology of Ovigenesis-ovisorption Vitellogenesis (yolk formation) Classification of Hymenoptera by the Female's
Reproductive System Variability in Ovisorption Process among
Hymenoptera Ovisorption Rate Effect of Ovisorption on Longevity Work on Nasonia vitripennis Exercises. References Section
19 <bc-19.htm> Spermatheca and
Spermathecal Gland Types of Spermathecae in Hymenoptera Sex Regulation Considerations Exercises References Section
20 <bc-20.htm> Behavioral,
Ecological and Physiological Factors affecting the Sex Ratio Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena Topographical Environment Humidity & Light Intensity Host Size Host Availability Host / Parasitoid Density Mating Delayed & Interrupted Oviposition Heteronomous Parasitoids Theoretical Considertions Physiological Phenomena High Temperature Low Temperature Nutritional Influences Age Paternal Sex Ratio Section
21 <bc-21.htm> Determination
of Progeny Number Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena Courtship & Copulation Host Location Host Attack & Paralysis Host Preferences Host Transport Oviposition Restraint Host / Parasitoid Density Temperature Larval Competition Physiological phenomena Nutrition (host-feeding) Temperature Humidity Selective Breeding Mating Ovisorption
& Ovulation Effects Glands Genetic and Extrachromosomal
Phenomena Exercises References Section
22 <bc-22.htm> Incumbered Host
Defenses Exercises References Section
23 <bc-23.htm> Diapause
in Developmental Stages and the Imago Photoperiod Direct & Indirect Action Perception Photoperiodicity in Geographic Races Seasonal Forms Sensitive Stages Induction Characteristics of Diapause Termination Diapause in Parasitic Insects Endocrine Processes Involved Theories & Experiments Exercises References Section
24 <bc-24.htm> Characteristics Generalizations on Caste Determination |