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BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL -- PART III

BEHAVIOR, ONTOGENY & REPRODUCTION

IN NATURAL ENEMIES

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Section 15 <bc-15.htm> Parthenogenesis Cytology Arrhenotoky vs. Thelytoky Exercises References Section 16 <bc-16.htm> Arrhenotokous / Thelytokous Reproduction Sex Determination Cytology Genetics Early Hypotheses Modern Hypotheses Some Generalities in Arrhenotokous Reproduction Biparental Males Androgenesis Polyploidy The R locus Incompatibility Factors Sex Intergrades Functional Aspects of Arrhenotokous Reproduction Extranuclear Inheritance and Polygenes in Arrhenotoky Recombinant Hymenopteran Males Estimations of the Number of Active Polygenic Loci Coefficient of Heritability Dominance Some Generalities in Thelytokous Reproduction Exercises References Section 17 <bc-17.htm> Embryology / Ontogeny / Anatomy Early Stages of Ontogeny Organization of the Ripe Egg Development of the Egg Cleavage. Gastrulation Segmentation Prenatal Development in Hymenoptera Specifically Egg Size & Shape Common Egg Shapes in Parasitoids Polyembryony in Hymenoptera Post Natal Development Larval Feeding Larval Respiration Larval Anatomy Hypermetamorphosis Prepupa Pupa Rate of Development Exit from the Host Male Reproductive System Exercises References Section 18 <bc-18.htm> Oogenesis-Ovisorption (oosorption, egg resorption) General Characteristics Physiology of Ovigenesis-ovisorption Vitellogenesis (yolk formation) Classification of Hymenoptera by the Female's Reproductive System Variability in Ovisorption Process among Hymenoptera Ovisorption Rate Effect of Ovisorption on Longevity Work on Nasonia vitripennis Exercises. References Section 19 <bc-19.htm> Facultative Sex Regulation Spermatheca and Spermathecal Gland Types of Spermathecae in Hymenoptera Sex Regulation Considerations Exercises References

Section 20 <bc-20.htm> Behavioral, Ecological and Physiological Factors affecting the Sex Ratio Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena Topographical Environment Larval Competition Humidity & Light Intensity Host Size Host Availability Host / Parasitoid Density Oviposition Restraint Mating Delayed & Interrupted Oviposition Heteronomous Parasitoids Theoretical Considertions Physiological Phenomena High Temperature Low Temperature Nutritional Influences Age Photoperiod Selective Breeding Microorganisms Paternal Sex Ratio Exercises References Section 21 <bc-21.htm> Determination of Progeny Number Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena Courtship & Copulation Host Location Host Attack & Paralysis Host Preferences Host Transport Progeny Defense Oviposition Restraint Host / Parasitoid Density Temperature Host Size Humidity Adult Parasitoid Food Larval Competition Ant Activity Learning Physiological phenomena Nutrition (host-feeding) Temperature Humidity Selective Breeding Mating Ovisorption & Ovulation Effects Glands Chemical Communication Genetic and Extrachromosomal Phenomena Exercises References Section 22 <bc-22.htm> Host Defense Reactions Encapsulation (phagocytosis) Melanization Humoral Reactions Incumbered Host Defenses Exercises References Section 23 <bc-23.htm> Diapause in Developmental Stages and the Imago Photoperiod Direct & Indirect Action Perception Photoperiodicity in Geographic Races Seasonal Forms Sensitive Stages Induction Characteristics of Diapause Termination Diapause in Parasitic Insects Endocrine Processes Involved Theories & Experiments Exercises References Section 24 <bc-24.htm> Caste Bias Characteristics Generalizations on Caste Determination Exercises References