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Key to Superfamilies & Families of
Hymenoptera
Palearctic
Area
(derived
fr. Bou…ek, 1988; Clausen, 1923; Crawford, 1909;
Gauld
& Bolton, 1988; Hill, 1923; Masner & Dessart, 1967;
Noyes
& Valentine, 1989; Riek, 1970 & Yoshimoto, 1984 by E. F. Legner)
[Please
refer to <Guide> for illustrations (Powerful connections use <Guide-2>)]
1a.
Body without a marked constriction between the 1st and 2nd abdominal
segments, resulting in abdomen being
broadly
joined to thorax (Figs. A-F); fully winged (= macropterous) insects, fore wing
with an enclosed
anal cell
(Figs. K, C-F) and/or rounded projections on metanotum present; hind wing
usually with at least 3
closed cells;
(Hymenoptera wing venation see Figs. G-L)..............................................(SYMPHYTA).....2
1b. Body with constriction between 1st and 2nd abdominal segments
(Fig. A) (which may be secondarily
obscured in
some groups (Fig. B), giving the appearance of abdomen almost always being
narrowly joined
to thorax, but these have no enclosed
cells in fore wing); fully winged insects, wings nonfunctional and
greatly reduced (= brachypterous) or
absent, if fully winged then fore wing without enclosed anal cell;
rounded projections on metanotum not
present; ovipositor without a sting..(APOCRITA-- Parasitica)....7
1c.
Same as previous (1b) except that ovipositor not used for egg-laying but
rather developed into a weapon for
injecting
venom and used for hunting, defense and aggression (sting); eggs emitted from apical gastral
segments, at
base of sting (Figs.
A-D)...........................................................(APOCRITA-- Aculeata)....78
2a. Antennae inserted on ventral side of head adjacent to mouth
(Fig. A); fore wing with indistinct anal cell
................................................................................................................................(Orussoidea) Orussidae
2b. Antennae inserted on anterior side of head well above mouth;
fore wing with enclosed anal cell distinct........3
3a. Fore wing with Rs branched (Fig. A); antennae highly
modified with 3rd segment long and stout, followed by
a filament of
9 or more slender segments (Fig. B)
......................................................(Xyeloidea) Xyelidae
3b. Fore wing with Rs unbranched; antennae various, never with both the 3rd segment long
and stout and the
remaining
flagellar segments forming a slender
filament.............................................................................4
4a. Fore tibia with either a single apical spur, or with 2 very
unequal spurs, the shorter of which is almost a vestige
.......................................................................................................................................................................5
4b. Fore tibia with 2 well-developed, subequal apical
spurs....................................................................................6
5a. Cenchri absent (Fig. A); abdomen terminally laterally
compressed, anteriorly slightly constricted between 1st
and 2nd
segments (Fig. B).........................................................................................(Cephoidea) Cephidae
5b. Cenchri present (Fig. A); abdomen cylindrical or depressed, not
constricted anteriorly (Figs. B-C)
............................................................................................................................................(Siricoidea).....39
6a. Pronotum in dorsal view with hind margin somewhat straight
(Fig. A); fore wing with vein 2r-rs present;
labrum
concealed (Fig. B); mid and hind tibiae with preapical spurs and antennae with
18 or more
segments
(Fig. C)............. .......................................(Megalodontoidea) Megalodontidae
& Pamphiliidae
6b. Pronotum in dorsal view with hind margin strongly bowed (Fig.
A), or if weakly bowed then fore wing with
2r-rs absent; vein
2r-rs otherwise present or absent; labrum exposed (Fig. B); mid and hind
tibiae without
preapical
spurs, or if such spurs present, then antennae with fewer than 10 segments;
antennae otherwise
with 3-32
segments, often with 9 or less..................................................................(Tenthredinoidea)....35
7a. Segment 1 of abdomen forms a node or scale, or first 2 segments
nodiform, so segment 2 is deeply separated
(both
dorsally and ventrally) from segments 1 & 3 (Fig.
A)...................................(Vespoidea) (part)....78
7b. Segment 1 of abdomen not scale-like, if rarely slightly
nodiform then with segment 2 closely adapted to
segment
3.....................................................................................................................................................8
8a. Segment 1 of abdomen inserted high up on propodeum so gab tween
propodeal foramen and insertion of hind
coxa is about
equal to or greater than gap between foramen and hind margin of metanotum
(Figs. A-B)
......................................................................................................................................................................9
8b. Segment 1 of abdomen inserted low down on propodeum so gap
between propodeal foramen and insertion of
hind coxa is
very much less than gap between foramen and hind margin of
metanotum..........................10
9a. Antennae with 14 or fewer segments; fore wing with costal cell
distinct (Figs. A-B)...........(Evanioidea)....61
9b. Antennae with 18 or more segments; fore wing with costal cell
obliterated, veins C, Sc, R, and Rs fused
between wing
base and pterostigma (see Fig. A).........................................(Ichneumonoidea) (part)....73
10a. Fully winged
insects......................................................................................................................................11
10b. Brachypterous or wingless
insects................................................................................................................25
11a. Fore wing with one enclosed cell, or without any enclosed cells
(Figs. A-O)..............................................12
11b. Fore wing with 2 or more cells clearly delineated by veins
(Figs. A-I)........................................................19
12a. Fore wing with membrane reticulate (like a network); hind wing
vestigial, with a forked apex; segments 1 &
2 of abdomen
cylindrical, slender, forming a 2-segmented petiole (Fig. A); body length <1
mm
............................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) (part)....40
12b. Fore wing membrane not reticulate; hind wing fully developed
though often very narrow, but never with a
forked apex;
abdomen with at most 1st segment cylindrical and slender so petiole, if
present, has one
segment......................................................................................................................................................13
13a. Hind wing with distinct stalk (Fig.
A)...................................................................(Chalcidoidea) (part)....40
13b. Hind wing not
stalked...................................................................................................................................14
14a. Alitrunk (= mesosoma) with pronotum not extending back to
tegulae (Fig. A); wings without enclosed
cells....................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) (part)....40
14b. Alitrunk with pronotum extending back to almost touch tegulae (Fig.
A); wings with or without closed
cells............................................................................................................................................................15
15a. Antennae inserted in center of face, their sockets separated
from the clypeus by more than 2X their own
diam...........................................................................................................................................................16
15b. Antennae inserted on face close to clypeus, their sockets
separated from clypeus by about their own diam. or
less..............................................................................................................................................................17
16a. Antennae not inserted on a promonotory or "shelf,"
those of && without a very elongated scape; fore wing
venation
characteristic (Figs. A-C), with a fairly large radial cell, that is either
open anteriorly, or the only
enclosed cells in the wing; costal
cell broad, anteriorly open, posteriorly bordered by a vein from which arises
a long stub of Rs&M...................................................................................(Cynipoidea) (part)....63
16b. Antennae inserted on facial promontory or "shelf,"
those of && geniculate (elbow-shaped), scape more than
3X as long as
wide; fore wing without venation, or with a single linear vein, without a
discernible radial
cell, or if
one is indicated then it is not defined distally and costal cell is only
enclosed cell; if present, vein
delineating
costal cell posteriorly is without a stub of Rs&M (Fig. A).........(Proctotrupoidea) (part)....67
17a. Head distinctly prognathous (= long axis of head continuing the
line of the long axis of the body); tergite 1 of
abdomen as
long as following tergites, separated from sternite, posteriorly overlapping
tergite 2 (Fig. A)
...............................................................................................................................(Bethyloidea) (part)....78
17b. Head hypognathous (= long axis at right angles to long axis of
body); tergite 1 of abdomen shorter than
following
apparent tergite (which may be a syntergite), or the two fused and tergite 1
visible as a ridge
anterior rim
of the first apparent tergite; tergite 1 usually fused with sternite to form a
ring at anterior end
of abdomen
................................................................................................................................................18
18a. Fore wing with vein along anterior martin, this vein distally
with a curved stigmal branch, sometimes with a
large
pterostigma (Figs. A-B); fore tibia with 2 spurs
..................................(Ceraphronoidea) (part)....72
18b. Fore wing without any venation, or with a short vein that does
not reach to level of middle of wing, or if with
a long vein,
then this is proximally separated from anterior margin of wing, and its stigmal
branch is almost
straight;
pterostigma not present (Fig. A); fore tibia with a single spur.........(Proctotrupoidea) (part)....67
19a. Tarsi with well developed plantar lobes (= small membranous
pads) (Fig. A); antennae with 26-27 segments;
fore wing
with 10 enclosed cells (Fig. B)........
........................................(Trigonalyoidea)--
Trigonalyidae
19b. Tarsi without plantar lobes, or if vestiges present then
antennae with fewer than 14 segments; antennae
otherwise
with various numbers of segments, if more than 14 then fore wing with 7 or
fewer enclosed cells;
fore wing
otherwise with 1-10 enclosed cells.............................................................................................20
20a. Fore wing with costal cell obliterated, veins C, Sc,
R and Rs fused or contiguous from wing base to
pterostigma; hind wing without
distinct anal lobe (Figs. A-D); antennae usually with 16 or more segments
(rarely
with as few as 12), and with a small
anellus somewhat differentiated from proximal end of
1st flagellar
segment
.....................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) (part)....73
20b. Fore wing with costal cell usually visible, though sometimes
not bordered anteriorly by a vein, rarely when
costal cell
is virtually obliterated then a distinct anal lobe present on hind wing; anal
lobe otherwise present
or absent;
antennae with 10-15 segments, without a small anellus differentiated from
proximal end of 1st
flagellar
segment (except in one taxon with a broad costal
cell).................................................................21
21a. Fore wing with costal cell open, not delineated by a vein along
anterior margin of wing; pterostigma absent;
abdomen
laterally compressed (Fig. A).........
........................................................(Cynipoidea) (part)....63
21b. Fore wing with costal cell enclosed, bordered anteriorly by a
vein, or if this vein is rarely absent then
pterostigma
is present, or costal cell is obliterated; pterostigma otherwise present, or
uncommonly, absent;
abdomen
cylindrical or depressed ...............................................................................................................22
22a. First abdominal tergite short, fused with sternite to form a
ring-like, highly sclerotized segment; 2nd tergite
(or
syntergite) longer than tergites 1 & 3+ combined (Fig. A); spiracles not
present at least on 1st and
apparent 2nd
abdominal tergites; fore wing usually with 2 enclosed cells (costal &
radial) (Fig. B), rarely
with up to 3
more enclosed cells (thus making a max. of 5) (Fig. C)............(Proctotrupoidea) (part)....67
22b. First tergite of abdomen quite long, not fused with sternite to
form short ring-like segment; 2nd tergite not
longer than
tergites 1 & 3+ combined; 1st and 2nd segments of abdomen with distinct
spiracles (though
these may be
positioned ventrally on laterotergite); fore wing usually with 6 or more
enclosed cells, rarely
with 2-5 and
then always with basal and subbasal cells enclosed, costal cell usually
enclosed, radial cell
sometimes not
enclosed...............................................................................................................................23
23a. Fore wing with radial cell either not indicated or open
distally, and without any complete submarginal
(cubital) cells;
hind wing without enclosed cells (Figs. A-C) ...............................(Bethyloidea) (part)....78
23b. Fore wing with enclosed radial cell, and with at least one
enclosed cubital cell; hind wing usually with 2-3
enclosed cells...............................................................................................................................................24
24a. Pronotum with upper hind corner widely separated from tegulae,
and lower down the side with a pronounced
pronotal lobe
covering mesothoracic spiracle (Fig. A)........
..................................................(Apoidea)....78
24b. Pronotum with upper hind corner reaching to or close to tegula,
with or without a pronounced pronotal lobe
(Fig.
A)......................................................................................................................(Vespoidea) (part)....78
25a. Antennae with 16 or more segments, somewhat filiform,
unspecialized, sternites of abdomen weakly
sclerotized,
tending to dry with median longitudinal fold.......... ...................(Ichneumonoidea) (part)....73
25b. Antennae with 15 or fewer segments, sometimes filiform and
unspecialized, often geniculate with elongated
scape and
clavate (club-like) distal segments; sternites of gaster strongly
sclerotized.................................26
26a. Fore, mid and hind tarsi with 3
segments.................................................................(Chalcidoidea) (part)....40
26b. All tarsi with 4-5
segments...............................................................................................................................27
27a. Upper hind corner of pronotum separated from tegula by a
prepectus....................(Chalcidoidea) (part)....40
27b. Upper hind corner of pronotum somewhat touching tegula, or with
tegula absent.........................................28
28a. First segment of abdomen somewhat less conical, not dorsally fused
with tergite 2; tergites 1 & 2 with
spiracles
.......................................................................................................................................................29
28b. First segment of abdomen cylindrical or annular, or minute,
indistinct, fused dorsally with tergite 2; tergites 1
& 2
without
spiracles....................................................................................................................................31
29a. Antennae with 10
segments........................................................................................(Bethyloidea) (part)....78
29b. Antennae with 11-13
segments........................................................................................................................30
30a. Head prognathous and dorsoventrally flattened; clypeus with a
median carina extending between antennae
................................................................................................................................(Bethyloidea) (part)....78
30b. Head hypognathous, not dorsoventrally flattened; clypeus lacks
a median carina that extends between
antennae...........................................................................................................................(Vespoidea) (part).
31a. Antennae never geniculate, the scape only slightly longer than
broad, and slightly shorter than 1st flagellar
segment;
abdomen laterally compressed............... .................................................(Cynipoidea) (part)....63
31b. Female (the most frequently encountered brachypterous or
apterous sex) with antennae geniculate, the scape
elongated, at
least 2X the length of the 1st flagellar segment; abdomen of both sexes
cylindrical or
depressed.....................................................................................................................................................32
32a. Anterior tibia with 2 apical
spurs......................................................................(Ceraphronoidea) (part)....72
32b. Anterior tibia with 1 apical
spur.....................................................................................................................33
33a. Antennal socket separated from clypeus by its own diam. or
less; 1st abdominal segment with tergite and
sternite
separate; tergite 8 without spiracle; antennae with 12 or fewer segments
..................................
.......................................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) (part)....67
33b. Antennal socket separated from clypeus by more than 2X its own
diam.; 1st abdominal segment with tergite
and sternite
fused; tergite 8 with spiracle; antennae almost always with 13 or more
segments.....................................................................................................................................................34
34a. Abdomen, especially in &&, laterally
compressed; antennae of && with 14 segments, of %% with 13
segments;
ovipositor concealed; head without shelf-like process; cerci absent; ovipositor
opening
ventral....................................................................................................................(Cynipoidea) (part)....63
34b. Abdomen usually cylindrical; antennae with various numbers of
segments, if with 14 segments in && or 13
segments in %% then
ovipositor exposed or antennae mounted on a shelf-like process of the face;
cerci
present;
ovipositor opening terminal.............
...............................................(Proctotrupoidea) (part)....67
(SYMPHYTA)
Tenthredinoidea: (Argidae, Blasticotomidae, Cimbicidae,
Diprionidae, Tenthredinidae)
35a. Antennae with 3-4 segments, segment 3 much longer than combined
length of all other segments
....................................................................................................................................................................36
35b. Antennae with more than 4 segments, segment 3 subequal to or
shorter than rest of antenna......................37
36a. Antennae with 4 segments, segment 4 very short; fore wing with
vein 2r-rs present (Fig. A)
.............................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Blasticotomidae
36b. Antennae with 4 segments, with segment 3 (which may be forked)
forming all of flagellum; fore wing with
vein 2r-rs
absent (Fig.
A).................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Argidae
37a. Antennae strongly clubbed, with 6-7 segments (Fig. A); lateral
margins of abdomen carinate
....................................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Cimbicidae
37b. Antennae at most slightly clavate, usually with 9 or more
segments; lateral margins of abdomen not
carinate........................................................................................................................................................38
38a. Antennae with 14-32 segments, plumose in %%, in && serrate or
with basal segments apically produced; fore
wing with
vein 2r-rs absent; hind wing with rs-m and m-cu present
(Fig. A); scutellum without a post
tergite;
inner fore tibial spur simple
..........................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Diprionidae
38b. Antennae usually with 9 segments, and without long apical
projections (except in %% Cladius which has 9
segments), if
with more 9 segments then with vein 2r-rs present in fore wing; hind
wing often without rs-m
or m-cu;
scutellum with a transverse furrow cutting off a post tergite behind; inner
fore tibial spur often
apically
forked (Fig.
A).......................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Tenthredinidae
Siricoidea:
(Siricidae, Xiphydriidae)
39a. Head in dorsal view subquadrate, strongly swollen behind eyes;
neck short (Fig. A)...(Siricoidea) Siricidae
39b. Head in dorsal view subspherical, not strongly swollen behind
eyes; neck exceptionally long (Fig. A)
.............................................................................................................................(Siricoidea) Xiphydriidae
(APOCRITA--PARASITICA)
Chalcidoidea:
(Aphelinidae, Chalcididae, Elasmidae, Encyrtidae, Eucharitidae,
Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae,
Mymaridae,
Mymarommatidae, Ormyridae, Perilampidae, Pteromalidae, Signiphoridae,
Tetracampidae, Torymidae,
Trichogrammatidae)
40a. Fore wing with membrane reticulate; hind wing with forked apex;
segments 1 & 2 of abdomen cylindrical,
slender,
forming a petiole with two segments (Fig. A) ........................(Chalcidoidea) Mymarommatidae
40b. Fore wing with membrane not reticulate, or wings reduced or
absent; hind wing, if present, without a forked
apex; abdomen
with at most a 1-segmented petiole............
......................................................................41
41a. Tarsi with 3 segments; minute to very small insects exceeding
1.2 mm in length, excluding ovipositor (Fig.
A).........................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Trichogrammatidae
41b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; minute to moderate sized insects
varying from 0.3-16 mm in length, excluding
ovipositor,
the majority >1.3 mm in
length................................................................................................42
42a. Antennal toruli situated much closer to orbits than to each
other; frons with a straight, transverse suture a
little above
toruli which connects with vertical sutures adjacent to each orbit, thus
forming an H (Fig. A);
long-winged
species almost always with fore wing venation extremely reduced and not
reaching more than
ca. 1/3rd of
wing length (Fig. B); hind wing elongated & petiolate (Fig. C) ...(Chalcidoidea) Mymaridae
42b. Antennal toruli situated as close or closer to each other than
to orbits, or very nearly so; frons at times with a
transverse suture,
which may be straight or V-shaped, but never with vertical sutures which run
adjacent to
inner orbits;
if long-winged then with venation always reaching more than half way along fore
wing; hind
wings not
elongately petiolate.....................................................................................................................43
43a. Hind femur swollen and with ventral teeth; hind tibia
distinctly curved (Fig. A) (Chalcidoidea) Chalcididae
43b. Hind femur not swollen and without ventral teeth; hind tibia
somewhat straight..........................................44
44a. Hind coxa elongated, at least ca. 2X as long as fore coxa (Fig.
A); fore wing always fully developed and with
stigmal vein
short, with uncus hardly separated from postmarginal vein; postmarginal vein
well developed
and distinct
(Fig. B); female ovipositor frequently projecting far beyond abdomen apex (Fig.
C)............45
44b. Hind coxa not so enlarged, not or hardly longer than fore coxa;
fore wing if fully developed usually with
stigmal vein
longer and with uncus well separated from postmarginal vein; postmarginal vein
varying from
absent to
long and distinct; female ovipositor usually barely projecting beyond abdomen
apex................46
45a. Abdomen coarsely sculptured (Fig. A) and with cercal bristles
reduced to short tubercles; prescutal sutures
shallow;
female ovipositor not exserted.....................
......................................(Chalcidoidea) Ormyridae
45b. Abdomen never with rough sculpture, more or less smooth, with
elongated cercal bristles; prescutal sutures
deeply
impressed; female with exserted part of ovipositor at least ca. 1/4 as long as
abdomen (Fig. A)
..........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Torymidae
46a. Tarsi with 4 segments on all
legs...................................................................................................................47
46b. Hind tarsus at least with 5
segments..............................................................................................................51
47a. Marginal vein of fore wing indistinct, somewhat punctiform (Fig.
A) ...............(Chalcidoidea) Encyrtidae
47b. Marginal vein of fore wing distinct, several times longer than
broad...........................................................48
48a. Antennae with 6 funicle segments (Fig. A)...................................................(Chalcidoidea) Tetracampidae
48b. Antennae with not more than 5 funicle
segments.........................................................................................49
49a. Hind legs with coxae flattened and somewhat laminar, and with
outer surface of tibia with coarse dark
bristles
arranged in diamond-shaped patterns (Fig. A); abdomen in cross section somewhat
triangular
...........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Elasmidae
49b. Hind legs with coxae subcylindrical, not compressed, and hind
tibia without darker bristles arranged in a
conspicuous
pattern; abdomen not triangular in cross section .................................................................50
50a. Abdomen distinctly constricted at its junction with propodeum;
fore wing in long-winged forms often with
postmarginal
and stigmal veins long and distinct, but in some (e.g., Tetrastichinae) postmarginal
vein
almost
absent; body almost always at least partly metallic; prescutal sutures, if
complete, distinctly curved
(Fig. A)
...........................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Eulophidae
50b. Base of abdomen about as broad as the propodeum and not
distinctly constricted at this point; fore wing
always fully
developed and with postmarginal vein absent or almost so and stigmal vein very
short; body
not metallic,
usually black, dark brown or yellowish; prescutal sutures complete and straight
(Fig. A)
...............................................
.......................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Aphelinidae
51a. Antennae with very long unsegmented club and funicle composed
of 3-4 indistinct and decidedly transverse
(right-angled)
funicle segments; body shining black; abdomen sessile; axillae not distinctly
marked off
from
scutellum and the two together forming a decidedly transverse band ca. 3X as
broad as long;
propodeum
with a large central triangular shiny area (Fig. A)....................(Chalcidoidea) Signiphoridae
51b. Antennae not as previous (51a); sometimes clava long and
unsegmented but then funicle composed of only 2
decidedly
transverse segments and body is either completely yellow or metallic green;
scutellum shieldlike,
about as long
as broad and with distinct triangular central area; propodeum various, usually
without a
defined
central shiny triangular
area..........................................................................................................52
52a. Mesopleuron either undivided, relatively large and shieldlike,
or abdomen broadly sessile; if body pale (off
white, yellow
or orange) then length <1.5 mm; mid tibia with relatively strong apical
spur....................53
52b. Mesopleuron divided into a mesepisternum and mesepimeron, the
two parts often with distinctly different
sculpture;
abdomen usually distinctly petiolate and always clearly constricted at junction
with propodeum,
never broadly
sessile; body usually dark (blue, black green), but if orange or orange-brown
length much
greater than
1.5 mm; mid tibia with spur of normal proportions...............................................................55
53a. Thorax in profile with middle coxa inserted about level with
middle of mesopleuron or even slightly anterior
to this (Fig.
A); fore wing, if fully developed, with marginal vein short, usually not more than
3-4 times as
long as broad
although it may rarely be more than 10X as long as broad (Fig.
B)....................................
..........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Encyrtidae
53b. Thorax in profile with middle coxa inserted about level with
posterior margin of mesopleuron; fore wing, if
fully
developed, with marginal vein always at least 6-6X as long as
broad...............................................54
54a. Antennal flagellum with not more than 6 segments; abdomen
sessile; mesoscutum at least slightly convex
with
prescutal sutures always present and straight, although sometimes distinctly
displaced laterally and not
obvious; body
never metallic, varying from yellow to dark brown or blackish; length not more
than 1.4mm
..............................................................(Chalcidoidea) Aphelinidae (part)
54b. Antennal flagellum with 8-10 segments; abdomen always with a
distinct petiole; mesoscutum either
impressed or
convex with prescutal sutures very inconspicuous; body usually at least partly
metallic,
usually dark
green, brown or black; length almost always greater than 1.4
mm..................(Chalcidoidea)
Eupelmidae (part)
55a. Pronotal collar large and subrectangular, its length at least
ca. 2/3rds length of mesoscutum and antenna with
not more than
6 funicle segments; head and dorsum of thorax with numerous, conspicuous hairy
punctures
which
normally give rise to very coarse sculpture; gena often with a distinct edge or
flange (Fig. A)..........
........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Eurytomidae
55b. Pronotal collar not large and subrectangular, much shorter than
1/2 length of mesoscutum or if longer then
antenna with
7 funicle segments or the sculpture of head and thorax is shallow or the gena
does not have a
distinct
edge................................................................................................................................................56
56a. Fore wing with apex of stigmal vein enlarged, this part deeper
than long, apex of uncus very close to
postmarginal
vein; pronotum elongated and subconical; female ovipositor always projecting
far beyond
abdomen apex
(Figs. A-B)
...............................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Torymidae
56b. Fore wing with apex of stigmal vein not or hardly enlarged, or
if as in 56a, then pronotum transverse and not
well
developed; female ovipositor sometimes projecting far beyond abdomen
apex.................................57
57a. Wings always fully developed; either fore wing with