FILE: <palear-1.key.htm> [Navigate
to MAIN MENU]
Key to Families of Hymenoptera in Great
Britain
(derived
from Borror & Delong, 1964; Borror et al., 1989; Clausen, 1940;
Gauld
& Bolton, 1988; Hill, 1923 & Richards, 1977 by E. F. Legner)
[Please
refer to <Guide> for illustrations (Powerful connections use <Guide-2>)]
1a. Abdomen broadly attached to thorax, no marked constriction
between 1st and 2nd abdominal segments;
cenchri (two
rounded prominences with roughened surface to engage fore wings when folded
over
abdomen)
present except in Cephidae, in which the first abdominal tergite is centrally
divided by a
membranous
slit (Fig. A); front tibia usually with 2 apical spurs; a closed anal cell
often present in fore
wing; larva
with continuous gut; thoracic (except Orussus) and, usually, abdominal
legs present
........................................................
.......................Symphyta......2
(see Benson, 1951 for key to families).
1b. Abdomen deeply constricted between 1st segment (propodeum) and
2nd (first abdominal) except in a few
minute
Chalcidoidea with very reduced wing venation; cenchri never present and first
abdominal tergite
never with a
membranous slit extending to its base; fore tibia with only one apical spur
with 2 in the
Ceraphronoidea;
fore wing with no closed anal cell; larva with rectum not connected to front
part of gut
before
pupation (except sometimes in last instar); legs absent..............................................Apocrita......10
2a. Antennae with 3 segments of normal thickness, 3rd very long and
made up of several fused, followed by a
thread-like
flagellum of at least 9 segments; head without hypostomal bridge; fore wing
(Fig. A) with Rs
forked
(always in British species); male genitalia inverted (= strophandrious) [in
British species, normal (=
orthandrious)
in some American species], parameres with cupped disks and with articulation to
parameral
plates (Fig. B).............................................................................................................(Xyeloidea)....Xyleidae
2b. Antennae not as previously described, Rs in fore wing
not forked....................................................................3
3a. Antennae with 11 or more segments except in Orussidae &&, in which
segment 9 is swollen and longer than
any of the
others; head with hypostomal bridge; male genitalia
normal......................................................4
3b. Antennae with 10 segments or less except in Diprionidae, which
have antennae serrate or comb-like (Athalia,
Fenella and Heteranthrus,
Tenthredinidae, may have 10-15 antennal segments but lack the following
characters which
are found in some or all families under couplet 4: pronotum with hind margin straight,
insect
>11.0 mm. long, fore tibia with 1 (not 2) apical spur, antennae inserted
below the eyes and apparent
clypeus). Head without hypostomal bridge (the Cimbicidae,
in which a bridge-like condition may appear
to be
present, have capitate antennae); male genitalia inverted, parameres without
cupping
disks.........................................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea)......9
4a. Antennae not inserted on ventral side of head; cenchri present;
in genitalia of %%, the parameres with cupping
disks and
articulate to parameral
plates........................................................................................................5
4b. Either antennae inserted ventrally beneath eyes and below the
apparent clypeus (Orussoidea) or cenchri absent
(Cephoidea);
in % genitalia, parameres without cupping disks and not articulate but
fused to parameral
plates.............................................................................................................................................................8
5a. Pronotum with hind margin almost straight, the emargination being
no deeper than the length of tegula;
abdomen
strongly flattened dorso-ventrally
............................................................(Megalodontoidea)....6
5b. Pronotum with hind margin deeply emarginate, more deeply than
length of tegula; abdomen cylindrical
.............................................................................................................................................(Siricoidea)......7
6a. Antennae flabellate; fore wing without separate Sc; 2nd
abdominal tergite not medially divided (uncertain
British
group).....................................................................................(Megalodontoidea) Megalodontidae
6b. Antennae setaceous; fore wing (Fig. A) with separate Sc;
2nd abdominal tergite divided medially (Fig.
B)............................................................................................................(Megalodontoidea) Pamphiliidae
7a. Fore wing with 1st abscissa of Rs directed towards base
of wing, last abscissa recurved; mesoscutum much
longer than
scutellum; tegula minute, hidden; neck short (Fig.
A)............................(Siricoidea) Siricidae
7b. Fore wing with 1st abscissa of Rs directed towards apex of
wing, last abscissa not recurved; mesoscutum
hardly longer
than scutellum with axillae; tegula normal though rather small; neck long (Fig.
A)
............................................................................................................................(Siricoidea) Xiphydriidae
8a.
Antennae with 11 linear segments in %; 10 segments in &, with 9th
large and 10th very small; no constriction
between 1st
and 2nd abdominal segments; fore wing with no enclosed anal cell; hind wing
without cross-
veins r-m
or m-cu (uncertain British
group)...........................................................(Orussoidea) Orussidae
8b. Antennae with 16-30 segments, filiform or slightly clavate;
slight constriction between 1st and 2nd abdominal
segments;
fore wing with closed anal cell; hind wing with cross veins r-m and m-cu
present (Fig. A)
..................................................................................................................................(Cephoidea) Cephidae
9a. Antennae with 3 segments, 3rd very long; fore wing with cross
vein 2r absent (Fig. A) ................................
..........................................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Argidae
9b. Antennae with 4 segments, 3rd very long, 4th minute; fore wing
with cross vein 2r present, cell IM of a
peculiar pear
shape (Fig.
A).................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Blasticotomidae
9c. Antennae with 4-5 segments followed by a very strongly marked
club which may show traces of
segmentation;
sides of abdomen carinate; fore wing with cross vein 2r
present..........................................
......................................................................................................................Tenthredinoidea) Cimbicidae
9d. Antennae typically with 9 segments, rarely with as few as 7 or
with 10-15; sides of abdomen not carinate; fore
wing often with
cross vein 2r present (Fig. A) .....................................(Tenthredinoidea) Tenthredinidae
9e. Antennae with 13 or more segments, serrate in &, comb-like
in %; fore wing with cross vein 2r absent (Fig.
A)................................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Diprionidae
10a. Wings fully
developed....................................................................................................................................11
10b. Wings very much reduced or
absent...............................................................................................................62
11a. Hind wings without anal or vannal lobe, except in Evaniidae, in
which the abdomen is attached at the top of
the propodeum
(Fig. A), in most Braconidae, Microgasterinae, in which antennae have 18
segments and
some
Proctotrupidae, in which the fore wing venation is characteristic (Fig. B); costa
of hind wing not or
imperfectly
developed except (apparently) in some Evanioidea and Proctotrupoidea; hind
femur with a
trochantellus
(= an apparent 2nd segment to trochanter which is part of femur) except in some
Cynipoids,
Chalcidoids
and Proctotrupoids; last visible tergite and sternite of & not apposed
except in Proctotrupoidea,
some
Cynipoidea and, less distinctly, Trigonaloidea; ovipositor, which is often
elongated, is partly
exposed, at
least in ventral view, except in Evaniidae, most Cynipoidea and most
Proctotrupoidea; in the
Trigonalidae
the ovipositor is reduced; tergite 8
fully exposed and resembling 7
except in a few Braconidae
and
Proctotrupoidea................... ........................................................................Apocrita-- Parasitica.....12
11b. Hind wing with an anal or vannal lobe, except in Formicidae, in
which the segment of the abdomen formes a
scale or node
and in % Mutillidae which have a felt line (Fig. A) on the 2nd abdominal
tergite and in the
Vespinae; the
lobe is defined only by a small excision in the Chrysididae and Cleptidae;
costal vein of hind
wing often
developed; hind femur without a trochantellus though in a few groups the base
of femur may be
ringed by a
sulcus; last visible tergite and sternite of & apposed,
except in Ceropales (Pompilidae) and a
few parasitic
bees (e.g., Melecta); ovipositor (sting) entirely hidden, tergite 8
retracted and partly
desclerotized
(except Dryinidae); antennae with 13 segments or less....................Apocrita-- Aculeata....42
12a. Abdomen attached near top of propodeum; fore wing with costal
cell wide, pterostigma present; hind wing
with a strong
vein along its fore margin and with no enclosed cells (sometimes one such cell
in non-British
species);
abdomen with spiracles on segments 1 & 8, pygostyles present; antennae with
13-14 segments
............................................................................................................................................(Evanioidea)....17
12b. Abdomen normally attached near bottom of propodeum (if attached
about 1/2 way up the propodeum (=
Cenocaelius and Paxylomma
of Braconidae), the costal cell in fore wing is
obliterated.............................13
13a. Fore wing with pterostigma and antennae usually with more than
16 segments, scape short (except
Streblocera). Hind wing with at least 2 enclosed cells
except Neorhacodes (Ichneumonidae, Fig. A) and
some Braconidae,
which have the costa and radius fused in fore wing up to the pterostigma and
sometimes
ca. 20
antennal segments or (Paxylomma) the first 2 segments of abdomen much
longer than broad and the
hind
basitarsus thickened; trochantellus distinct, at least on hind leg; spiracles
on abdominal segments 1-8,
or
Braconidae, Sigalphinae (Chelonus, etc.) 1-6; pygostyles
present..........................................................14
13b. Antennae with not more than 16 segments; fore wing with no true
pterostigma except in Heloridae and
Proctotrupidae,
in which the costal cell is wide (Figs. A-B), and the Ceraphronidae (Fig. C),
in which the
axillae are
on the same level as the central part of the scutellum (Fig. D); venation
generally reduced; hind
wing with no
enclosed cells except in some Diapriidae and Ibaliidae, in which either the
head is greatly
produced
forwards or the costal cell of the fore wing is wide; trochantellus often
indistinct or absent; in &&
tergites 9
& 10 indistinguishably fused, except in some Proctotrupidae and
Ceraphronidae.......................15
14a. Fore wing (Fig. A) with costal cell wide, Rs + M
complete and cross veins 3r-m, 2r-m, Rs and 2m-cu
present;
tarsi with
plantar lobes; last visible tergite and sternite almost apposed, ovipositor
reduced and hidden,
abdominal
tergite 9 in && retracted with the central part membranous; tergite 10 not
separately developed;
mandibles
with 4 large teeth on the right, 3 on the left one; antennae with more than 20
segments in the one
British
species) (Fig.
B)...................................................................................(Trigonaloidea) Trigonalidae
14b. Fore wing with costal cell almost or quite obliterated, at
least one of cross-veins 3r-m, 2r-m, Rs and 2m-cu
absent; tarsi
without plantar lobes; last visible tergite and sternite of & abdomen not
clearly apposed,
ovipositor
usually clearly exserted and abdominal tergite 9 often not retracted........(Ichneumonoidea)....19
15a. Either fore wing with well-developed costa or the edge of
abdomen sharp and curved downwards, or head
much produced
forwards and antennae inserted on shelf-like process; pronotum either obtuse
below but
with a narrow
posteroventral process which meets its opposite from the other side beneath the
fore coxae,
or pronotum
is fully coadapted to mesepisternum; abdomen rarely compressed, spiracles on
abdominal
segments 1, 1
& 8, or 1-6; last visible tergite and sternite of & apposed,
pygostyles present; ovipositor
hidden except
in Proctotrupidae, in which it projects inside the enlarged pygostyles (Fig.
A); antennal
scape usually
long, if short then a pterostigma
present.................................................Proctotrupoidea....20
15b. Fore wing with no pterostigma; proximal part of costa not
developed, except weakly in Ibaliidae, which have
a short
antennal scape; abdomen with spiracles on segments 1 & 8, last visible
tergite and sternite of & not
apposed;
ovipositor exposed, at least below, except in most Cynipoidea in which abdomen
is usually
compressed
laterally
...................................................................................................................................16
16a. Pronotum lateroventrally pointed and closely coadapted to
mesepisternum, posteriorly extending back to
tegulae; fore
wing (Figs. A-C) with cell R-1 mostly complete; antennae (Fig. D) with
scape short and with
12-16
segments; trochantellus usually not developed; abdomen in & with tergite
9 retracted and
desclerotized;
abdomen usually compressed laterally, pygostyles
absent.........................(Cynipoidea)....26
16b. Pronotum lateroventrally rounded, not closely coadapted to
mesepisternum, posteriorly usually distinctly
separated
from tegulae (Figs. A-B); fore wing with cell R-1 not defined by proper
veins or absent; antennal
scape usually
long (Figs. C-D) (not clearly so in some Mymaridae); antennae with 13 segments
or less;
trochantellus
often present; abdomen rarely compressed, with pygostyles in & central
portion of tergite 9
exposed and
pigmented...................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea)....28
17a. Hind wing with anal lobe; fore wing not longitudinally folded,
cross vein 2m-cu and 2r-m absent; antennae
inserted well
above clypeus, with 13 segments; abdomen (Fig. A) short, compressed, with a
long, abrupt
petiole and a
short, often hidden, ovipositor; propleura not meeting dorsally and forming a
neck (Figs. B-
C)
............................................................................................................................(Evanioidea) Evaniidae
17b. Hind wing with no anal lobe; antennae with 13 segments in %, 14 in &; abdomen
long, gradually clavate,
ovipositor
exserted, often long; propleura meeting above and forming a
neck...........................................18
18a. Fore wing not longitudinally folded, with cross veins 2m-cu
and 2r-m present; antennae inserted just above
clypeus.....................................................................................................................(Evanioidea) Aulacidae
18b. Fore wing longitudinally folded, with cross veins 2m-cu
and 2r-m absent (Fig. A); antennae inserted well
above clypeus
(Fig.
B)....................................................................................(Evanioidea) Gasteruptiidae
19a. Fore wing (Fig. A) with cross vein 2m-cu almost
invariably present; Rs+M interrupted; hind wing with cross
vein r-m
meeting Rs after that vein leaves Sc+R (including Agriotypus
and Neorhacodes; the latter would
key to the
Braconidae but the fore wing (Fig. B) is characteristic) (Figs.
C-D)........................ .................
...............................................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae
19b. Fore wing (Fig. A) without cross vein 2m-cu; hind wing
(Fig. B) with cross vein r-m meeting Sc+R before
the
separation of Rs (includes Alysiinae, Aphidiinae and Paxylommatinae)
(Figs. C-D)
......................................................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
20a. Sides of abdomen acute or distinctly margined; antennae with
not more than 12 segments; front tibia with one
spur........................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae....21
20b. Sides of abdomen rounded of if, in some Belytinae, more acute,
the antennae have 14-15 segments
......................................................................................................................................................................22
21a. Antennae with 10 or rarely fewer segments; fore wing without
marginal or stigmal veins, often also without
submarginal
vein (Fig.
A)........................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Platygastridae
21b. Antennae with 11 or 12 segments, or with 7-8 and an unsegmented
club; if with 10, stigmal vein present
(Figs.
A-B).....................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae
22a. Fore tibia with 2 spurs; antennae inserted very low down, at
clypeal margin, with 9-11 segments, scape very
long; radial
cell in fore wing not enclosed, pterostigma sometimes developed; scutellum
usually with a
frenum and
with axillae in same plane as main
surface............................................(Ceraphronoidea).....23
22b. Front tibia with one spur; antennae inserted near middle of
face, with 11-15 segments, scape usually short;
radial cell
in fore wing normally closed; scutellum without a frenum and axillae not in
same plane as main
surface
.......................................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea)....24
23a. Tibial spurs 2, 1, 2; all spurs comb-like; large one of fore
tibia not 2-forked; antennae with 9-10 segments in
&& and 10-11 in
%%; abdominal petiole visible as a short ring, tergite 6 with oval
patch of dense
reticulation.............................
...............................................................(Ceraphronoidea) Ceraphronidae
23b. Tibial spurs 2, 2, 2; the large, comb-like one of fore tibia,
forked; antennae with 11 segments in both sexes;
abdominal
petiole shorter, usually hidden by the next segment, tergite 6 without a patch
of dense
reticulation
(Fig. A).................
.................................................................(Ceraphronoidea) Megaspilidae
24a. Fore wing (Fig. A) with no true pterostigma, though the
parastigma is sometimes thickened or else the
abdomen is
long petiolate; antennae with 11-15 segments inserted (Fig. B) far above
clypeus on a frontal
shelf or
strong prominence [except in Ismarus in which they are inserted
normally (Fig. C) at about the
middle of
face, but this genus has venation of forewing much as in Fig. A and an enclosed
cell in the hind
wing] (Fig.
D)................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae
24b. Fore wing with a pterostigma; antennae not inserted on a
frontal shelf, usually nearer clypeus or at middle of
face..............................................................................................................................................................25
25a. Antennae with 15 segments; venation (Fig. A) characteristic;
abdomen long, petiolate (Fig. B)
........................................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Heloridae
25b. Antennae with 13 segments, inserted at middle of face, scape
short (Fig. A); fore wing with a closed,
normally very
small, radial cell (Fig. B); ovipositor (Fig. C) long (Fig.
D)................................................
...............................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Proctotrupidae
26a. Larger species, cell R-1 closed in fore wing and 9X as
long as broad (Fig. A); hind basitarsus 2X as long as
remaining
segments together (Fig. B); largest segment of abdomen one of 4-6, two or more
small tergal
plates
preceding the large one (Fig. C)
....................................................................(Cynipoidea) Ibaliidae
26b. Smaller species, cell R-1 not always fully closed, less
elongated; hind basitarsus normal; largest segment of
abdomen 2 or
3, or these fused, at most one small tergal plate preceding the large one (Fig.
A)
.....................................................................................................................................................................27
27a. Rs+M, when present in fore wing, directed towards M+Cu
rather than Sc+R (Fig. A); if the 2nd or 3rd
tergites are
long and form half the abdomen, the scutellum has an apical cup-like depression
(Fig. B);
abdomen
sometimes long petiolate (Fig. C) (Includes Eucoilinae & Anacharitinae)
(Fig. D)
...................................................................................................................................(Cynipoidea) Figitidae
27b. Rs+M, when present in fore wing, directed towards the
mid point between M+Cu and Sc+R (Fig. A); 2nd or
2nd & 3rd
tergites usually the largest and forming 1/2 of abdomen, which is never long
petiolate (Fig. B)
(includes
Charipinae) (Fig. C)
...............................................................................(Cynipoidea) Cynipidae
28a. Hind wings linear, base forming a stalk, wings with long
fringes (Fig. A); ovipositor sometimes issuing
almost at tip
of abdomen; antennae without annelli (includes Mymaromminae) (Figs. A-B)
...........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Mymaridae
28b. Not as previously
described............................................................................................................................29
29a. Axillae advanced strongly in front of anterior margin of
scutellum and usually in front of tegulae (Fig. A);
tarsi usually
with 3-4
segments....................................................................................................................30
29b. Axillae not or little advanced in front of anterior margin of
scutellum (Figs. A-B); tarsi with 5 segments...33
30a. Hind coxa much enlarged, hind femur compressed; tarsi with 4
segments; marginal wing vein long.
............................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Elasmidae
30b. Hind coxa not
enlarged...................................................................................................................................31
31a. Mid coxa with base lying before the mid line of mesopleuron
(Fig. A), and lying in a groove on the under
side of
thorax (Fig.
B)........................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Encyrtidae
31b. Mid coxa lying well behind the mid line of mesopleuron, with no
groove on the underside of the thorax
.....................................................................................................................................................................32
32a. Tarsi usually with 4 segments but with 5 in most Aphelininae
and a few females of other groups; fore wing
narrower,
pubescence not in rows or lines (Figs. A-B)
....................................(Chalcidoidea) Eulophidae
32b. Tarsi with 3 segments; fore wing very broad, pubescence usually
in rows or lines, marginal and stigmal veins
forming a
single curve (Figs. A-B)...................... ..............................(Chalcidoidea) Trichogrammatidae
33a. Mesepisternum little sculptured, large and almost completely
covering the mesepimeron (Fig. A) (except in
some % Eupelmidae);
mid tibial spur usually enlarged (Fig. B) (spur enlarged in the above % which have a
short
pronotum)............................................................................................................................................34
33b. Mesepisternum not enlarged, of about the same width as the
mesepimeron; mid tibial spur rarely longer than
the bigger
hind tibial one (except in some Cleonyminae which have a long pronotum)
........................
......................................................................................................................................................................35
34a. Mesonotum in && with center of scutum depressed or
flat, notauli (= two grooves emanating from front
margin of
scutum) impressed at least anteriorly and usually long; males with scutum
usually convex and
notauli often
much shorter but in them the mesepisternum is not enlarged; marginal vein of
fore wing long
(Fig. A)
..............................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Eupelmidae
34b. Mesoscutum somewhat convex, notauli not more than feebly
indicated; mesepimeron enlarged; marginal
vein in fore
wing as long as submarginal; scutellum transversely linear; mid tibia with long
bristles.............................
............................(Chalcidoidea) Encyrtidae
& Signiphoridae (= Thysanidae)
35a. Mandibles sickle-shaped, usually with 1-2 inner teeth; thorax
very convex, scutellum usually produced
backwards;
abdomen compressed, usually with a long petiole (uncertain British group)
........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Eucharitidae
35b. Mandibles stout, with 3-4 teeth at apex; thorax rarely
convex.......................................................................36
36a. Hind coxa large, 2-3X longer than front one (Fig.
A).....................................................................................37
36b. Hind coxa not so conspicuously longer than front one (Fig. A).....................................................................39
37a. Hind femur with a row of teeth beneath (Figs.
A-B)...........................................(Chalcidoidea) Chalcididae
37b. Hind femur with at most one tooth (Fig. A ) beneath.....................................................................................38
38a. Notauli present; abdomen not coarsely punctured, ovipositor
usually long and exserted .............................
..................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Torymidae (except Megastigminae).
38b. Notauli very faint or absent; abdomen usually with rows of
coarse punctures, ovipositor short
...........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Ormyridae
39a. Pronotum short, transversely linear, or elongated but much
narrowed in front; mesoscutum usually reticulate;
usually
metallic insects (including Miscogasterinae, Spalangiinae and Cleonyminae; the
elongated
pronotum and
flattened dorsal side of abdomen in the last named subfamily are sometimes
regarded as
family
characters) Figs. A-B)........................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae
39b. Pronotum wide, quadrate (Figs. A-C), scarcely narrower than
mesoscutum, which is often coarsely punctured
.....................................................................................................................................................................40
40a. Stigmal vein thickened into a very large knob (Fig. A), if not
thickened, still with ovipositor elongated (Fig.
B); otherwise
rather like Eurytomidae........................ ........(Chalcidoidea) Torymidae (Megastigminae).
40b. Stigmal vein not so thickened; ovipositor
short..............................................................................................41
41a. Abdomen in %% long petiolate and antennae somewhat
verticillate (Fig. A); abdomen in && rounded or
ovate,
somewhat compressed, 2nd tergite never very large, last sternite usually
produced (fig. B); black or
yellowish
insects........................
.....................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Eurytomidae
41b. Abdomen small, subtriangular, short petiolate, 2nd or fused 2nd
and 3rd tergites covering most of its surface;
antennae not
verticillate; thorax large but short; somewhat metallic insects (Fig. A)
.................................
.........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Perilampidae
42a. Hind wings with no cells enclosed by veins; pronotum obtuse
below and not closely coadapted to
mesepisternum;
abdominal spiracles on segments 1-7 or 1-8 (Dryinidae); both sexes have same
number of
antennal
segments............................................................................................................(Bethyloidea)......49
42b. Hind wing with one or more cells enclosed by veins; abdominal
spiracles on segments 1-8; nearly always
more antennal
segments in %% than in &&...................................................................................................43
43a. Hind wing without an anal lobe and first segment of abdomen
forming a scale or node, or the first 2 segments
nodiform and
the 2nd segment deeply separated from the third both above and below (Figs.
A-D)
.............................................................................................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae
43b. Hind wings with an anal lobe except in Mutillidae, in which
there is a felt line (Fig. A) at the side of the 2nd
abdominal
segment; 1st segment of abdomen not scale-like; if nodiform, then the next
segment is closely
coadapted to
the
3rd......................................................................................................................................44
44a. Pronotum produced back to or almost to the tegulae with no
conspicuous lobe concealing the anterior
thoracic
spiracle (Fig.
A)..............................................................................................................................45
44b. Pronotum not produced back to the tegulae but usually forming
at a lower level a conspicuous lobe (Figs. A-
B) over the
anterior thoracic
spiracle............................................................................................................48
45a. Fore wing (Fig. A) usually (always in British species)
longitudinally folded in repose, cell M+Rs+M long,
longer than
cell M; glossa and paraglossa ending in pigmented pads (Fig. B); eyes
emarginate
............................................................................................................................................(Vespoidea)......46
45b. Fore wing not longitudinally folded in repose, cell M+Rs+M
shorter; glossa and paraglossa without pads;
eyes usually
not
emarginate..........................................................................................................................47
46a. Mandibles long, crossing one another when at rest; mid tibia
with one spur; tarsal claws 2-forked; hind wing
with an anal
lobe; solitary species (Fig. A)...................
.........................................(Vespoidea) Eumenidae
46b. Mandibles short and broad, lying transversely, one above the
other; mid tibia with 2 spurs; tarsal claws
simple; hind
wing (in Vespinae) with no anal lobe; social species (Fig. A)...............(Vespoidea) Vespidae
47a. Mesopleuron divided obliquely by a suture running from near
upper posterior corner, downwards and
forwards
(Fig. A); pronotum obtuse below and loosely overlapping mesopleuron (Fig. A);
legs long, hind
femur
especially so (Fig. B)...... .........................................................................(Pompiloidea) Pompilidae
47b. Mesopleuron not so divided; pronotum usually acute below (not
in Tiphia) and coadapted to mesopleuron;
legs usually
short and stout................................................................................................(Scolioidea)......53
48a. Pubescence simple; hind tarsi not broadened (Figs.
A-B)..........................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae
48b. Pubescence, at least in part (e.g., near anterior thoracic
spiracles), plumose or branched; hind tarsi usually
somewhat
widened and often densely pubescent (Fig. A)
...................................................(Apoidea)......55
49a. Antennae with 10 segments.............................................................................................................................50
49b. Antennae with 12-13
segments........................................................................................................................51
50a. Antennae not inserted on a prominence but near to dorsal margin
of clypeus (Fig. A); female with chelate
fore tarsi
(Fig. B) (except Aphelopus), sometimes apterous or brachypterous (Figs.
C-D)
................................................................................................................................(Bethyloidea) Dryinidae
50b. Antennae inserted on a prominence high above clypeus (Fig. A); female apter