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Keys to the Families & Subfamilies
of Canadian
Chalcidoidea
(derived
fr. Yoshimoto, 1984 by E. F. Legner)
[This
key is in a form commonly used in North America. If the statement is true, proceed
to
the designated couplet, whereas if it is false, go to "b" portion of
the couplet].
[Please
refer to <Guide> for illustrations (Powerful connections use <Guide-2>)]
1a.
Petiole with 2 segments (Fig. A); fore wings with a slender stalk and entirely
reticulate (Figs. B-C); antennal
sockets close to each
other at level of dorsal eye margins
...............................................Mymarommatidae
1b.
Petiole with 1 segment, or abdomen broadly attached; fore wings if
having a slender stalk then not reticulate
(Fig. A); antennal
sockets distinctly separated from each other, if close to each other then
ventrad to dorsal
eye
margins....................................................................................................................................................2
2a.
Antennal sockets much nearer inner orbits of eyes than to each other
except in subfamily Eubroncinae (Fig.
A); frons with
transverse suture just above antennal sockets, with supra-orbital suture
extending from either
end of this along inner
orbits of eyes (Fig. A); venation greatly reduced, with marginal vein short and
stigmal vein
rudimentary; stigmal vein usually not extending beyond middle of wing length
(Figs. B-C)
.....................................................................................................................................................Mymaridae
2b.
Antennal sockets not nearer to inner orbits of eyes than to each other;
frons without transverse suture, though
possibly with frontal
fork; venation usually more developed with distinct stigmal and postmarginal
veins,
stigmal vein usually
extending beyond middle of wing length
....................................................................3
3a.
Tarsi with 3 segments; body stocky, 0.5-1.0 mm.; post marginal vein
absent (Fig. A); antennal funicle with --2
segments (Fig. A); setae
of fore wing arranged in longitudinal rows in several species.Trichogrammatidae
3b.
Tarsi with 4-5 segments; body slender, or if stocky then body 1-5 mm;
postmarginal vein rudimentary, slightly
acute or elongated
(Figs. A-E); antennal funicle with 0-7 segments; setae of fore wing rarely
arranged in
longitudinal
rows.............................................................................................................................................4
4a.
Hind coxa huge, flat, plate-like (Fig. A); hind tibia often with
rhomboidal pattern of setae (Fig. A) ..................
.....................................................................................................................Eulophidae & Elasmidae (part)
4b.
Hind coxa typical or huge but not flattened (Figs. A-C); hind tibia
lacks rhomboidal pattern of setae ...............
.........................................................................................................................................................................5
5a.
Gaster broadly attached, with basal segment as wide as propodeum (Fig.
A); propodeum with triangular
median area; scutellum
transversely ribbon-like
......................................................................Signiphoridae
5b.
Gaster more narrowly attached, at most with basal segment at least
slightly narrower than propodeum (Fig. A),
or petiolate; propodeum
without triangular median area; scutellum rarely transversely ribbon-like
........................................................................................................................................................................6
6a.
Hind tarsus with 4
segments................................................................................................................................7
6b.
Hind tarsus with 5
segments..............................................................................................................................10
7a.
Winged forms with marginal vein shorter than broad or indistinct (Fig
A-B); mesoscutum evenly convex,
without notauli (= paired longitudinal furrows)
(Fig. „); mid coxae inserted at
or slightly in front of middle
of mesepisternum (Fig. D)
.................................................................................................Encyrtidae (part)
7b. Winged
forms with marginal vein distinctly longer than broad (Fig A-B); mesoscutum
with incomplete to
complete notauli; mid
coxae inserted at or near hind end of mesepisternum
.................................................8
8a.
Gaster sessile, with base of gaster almost as broad as propodeum; fore
wing with stigmal and postmarginal
veins reduced,
indistinct (Fig. A); body not metallic; scutellum lacks submedian grooves
............................
..........................................................................................................................................Aphelinidae (part)
8b.
Gaster petiolate (Figs. A-C); fore wing with stigmal and postmarginal
veins distinctly developed; body usually
partly metallic;
scutellum usually with submedian grooves (Fig.
D)..............................................................9
9a.
Antenna with 11-12 segments, with 6 funicle segments; propodeum with at
least several hairs on median
1/3rd, these inclined
toward midline (Fig. A)
..............................................................Tetracampidae (part)
9b.
Antenna with at most 10 distinct segments and 2-4 funicle segments
(Figs. A-B); propodeum with median
1/3rd not
hairy........................................................................................................Elasmidae & Eulophidae
10a.
Hind femur with serrated ventral edge (Fig. A), or with one or more
distinct teeth (Fig. B), usually decidedly
swollen (Figs.
B-D)......................................................................................................................................11
10b.
Hind femur without serrations or teeth, not
swollen.......................................................................................14
11a.
Gaster striped yellow and black with dense thimble-like punctations;
fore wing longitudinally folded as in
vespoid wasp; female
with ovipositor recurved over gaster dorsum (Fig. A)............................Leucospidae
11b.
Gaster not striped yellow and black and finely sculptured, except for
thimblelike punctations in Ormyridae;
fore wing not folded
longitudinally; female ovipositor protrudes slightly from gaster or at least is
not
recurved over
gaster......................................................................................................................................12
12a.
Prepectus invisible or represented by small, inconspicuous plate near
tegula (Fig. A); body not metallic,
usually black or with
white, yellow, or red markings; thorax coarsely
sculptured......................Chalcididae
12b.
Prepectus large and conspicuous (Fig. A); body usually metallic; thorax usually
finely sculptured...............13
13a.
Inner margins of eyes diverge decidedly ventrally; antennae inserted
below ventral margins of eyes (Figs. A-
B)...................................................................................................................................Pteromalidae (part)
13b.
Inner margins of eyes at most only slightly diverging ventrally;
antennae inserted at least slightly above
ventral margins of eyes
(Fig. A).........................................................................................Torymidae (part)
14a.
Mesopleuron greatly enlarged and swollen (Figs. A-B); mid tibial spur
large and thickened (Fig. B); basal
segments of mid tarsus
of females thickened, and at least 1st segment with 2 rows of short, stout
ventral
spines (Fig.
B)...............................................................................................................................................15
14b.
Mesopleuron not enlarged and swollen (Fig. A); mid tibial spur usually
not thickened and without ventral
spines (Fig. B); basal
segments of mid tarsus of female not thickened, and segments without spines
above............................................................................................................................................................16
15a.
Mid coxae inserted at about middle of mesopleuron; gaster straight (in
dried specimens) and usually short
and stocky; mesonotum
usually evenly convex (Fig. A), though rarely with linear notauli; winged forms
with marginal vein
usually short or obsolete (Figs.
B-C)...................................................Encyrtidae (part)
15b.
Mid coxae inserted at or behind posterior end of mesopleuron (Figs.
A-B); gaster usually elongated, typically
U-shaped in dried
specimens; mesonotum broadly depressed at least posteriorly (Fig. C); winged
forms
with marginal vein
longer (much longer than stigmal
vein)..............................................Eupelmidae (part)
16a.
Prepectus fused with and lying in same plane as lateral part of
pronotum; thorax usually high and short in
lateral view (Figs.
A-B); gaster usually with tergites 1 & 2 somewhat concealing posterior
ones..............17
16b. Prepectus
not fused with and not lying in same plane as lateral part of pronotum; thorax
usually not high and
short in lateral view;
gaster usually with more than 2 visible
tergites.........................................................18
17a.
Pronotum clearly visible in dorsal view, though narrow (Fig. A);
mandibles not sickle-shaped; petiole usually
short, transverse, at most 2X as wide as long;
gaster typically triangular (Fig. A) ........ Pteromalidae (part)
17b.
Pronotum not visible in dorsal view, hidden by decidedly convex
mesoscutum (Fig. A); mandibles sickle-
shaped (Fig. B); petiole
longer than broad, often very much so; gaster typically shaped like a rudder
(Fig.
C)................................................................................................................................................Eucharitidae
18a.
Body not metallic; pronotum ca. 1/2 as long as mesonotum (Figs. A-C), or
longer; thorax usually with
distinct thimble-like
punctation (Fig. B), or if finely sculptured, then antennae with 4-6 funicle
segments......................................................................................................................................................19
18b.
Body at least partially metallic; pronotum definitely less than 1/2
length of mesonotum (Figs. A-C); thorax
finely sculptured and
antennae with 7-9 funicled segments
.......................................................................20
19a.
Body usually with obvious thimblelike punctation (Fig. A), but if finely
sculptured, then antennae inserted
above ventral margin of
eyes (Fig. B); face without interantennal crest; marginal vein of fore wing at
most
3X length of stigmal
vein (Fig. C); propodeum often flattened medially or with medial longitudinal
channel; genae sometimes
with sharp edges (Fig.
D)...............................................................Eurytomidae
19b.
Body finely sculptured and antennae inserted at or below ventral margin
of eyes; face with intrantennal crest;
marginal vein of fore
wing 4X or more as long as stigmal vein (Fig. A); propodeum without medial
longitudinal channel,
sometimes evenly convex; genae rounded..................Pteromalidae (part) (for
subfamilies, go to 25)
20a. Gaster
with transverse rows of pits at least on middle segments (Fig. A); females with
ovipositor only slightly
exserted from apex of
gaster (Fig. A)
...........................................................................................Ormyridae
20b.
Gaster smooth, without transverse rows or pits; female ovipositor
sometimes projects greatly from gaster
apex..............................................................................................................................................................21
21a.
Gaster sessile, with petiole not visible and with base of gaster almost
as broad as propodeum (Fig. A); body
not metallic; antenna
(excluding ringlike anelli) with at most 8 segments; winged forms with stigmal
and
postmarginal veins
reduced, indistinct (Fig. A); minute insects, usually 1.0 mm. or less in length
...........................................................................................................................................Aphelinidae (part)
21b. Gaster constricted at junction with propodeum
(Fig. A), petiole present, though possibly wider than long;
body often at least
partially metallic; antenna (excluding ringlike anelli) with more than 8
segments;
winged forms with
stigmal and postmarginal veins developed (Fig. B-C); insects usually much
longer than
1.0 mm
........................................................................................................................................................22
22a.
Males only: mid tibial spur
noticeably longer than hind tibial spurs (Fig. A) ................... Eupelmidae (part)
22b.
Males & females: mid tibial
spur shorter or at most only slightly longer than inner hind tibial spur (Fig.
A).................................................................................................................................................................23
23a.
Hind coxa large, elongated, 2/3rds or more as long as femur (Fig. A), in
cross section triangular, with dorsal
edge angular; female
ovipositor much exserted from gaster apex (Fig. A), possibly longer than body;
mesepimeron often with
sinuate posterior margin (Fig. A); fore wing sometimes with knob-like stigma
(Fig. B)
...............................................................................................................................Torymidae (part)
23b.
Hind coxa smaller, in cross section somewhat circular, with dorsal edge
rounded; female with ovipositor only
slightly exserted from abdomen
apex; mesepimeron with posterior edge straight or evenly curved; fore
wing without knob-like
stigma
....................................................................................................................24
24a.
Propodeum usually pilose, with median 1/3rd having several hairs that
converge toward midline (Fig. A);
fore tibial spur
straight..................................................................................................Tetracampidae (part)
24b.
Propodeum with at least median 1/3rd bare (Fig. A); fore tibial spur
usually strongly curved (Fig. B) .
.............................................................................................Pteromalidae (part) (for subfamilies,
go to 25)
25a.
Prepectus firmly fused with pronotum (Fig. A); gaster convex, in form of
high triangle (Fig. B)
.........................................................................................Perilampidae [Yoshimoto, 1984 considered this
Perilampinae, as
subfamily of Pteromalidae].
25b.
Prepectus not fused with pronotum; gaster not in form of high
triangle.........................................................26
26a.
Antenna attached close to clypeus (Fig. A), with 8-10 segments, none
being ringlike; body usually not
metallic........................................................................................................................................................27
26b.
Antenna attached high above clypeus (Figs. A-C), or, if antenna attached
close to clypeus, then hind femur
enlarged with ventral
edge serrate; antenna with 11-13 segments (except in Eunotinae = 6-10 segments)
and with 0-3 ringlike
segments; body usually metallic
..............................................................................28
27a.
Body entirely black (Fig. A); head, pronotum, and mesoscutum with
conspicuous piliferous punctures
................................................................................................................................................(Spalangiinae)
27b.
Body entirely or partly yellowish; body lacking piliferous
punctures..................................(Cerocephalinae)
28a.
Fore wing with radial cell fully or partly developed (Fig. A); hind wing
without distinct stigma; vein
sometimes
translucent............................................................................................(Brachyscelidiphaginae)
28b.
Fore and hind wings without previous combination of
characters.................................................................29
29a.
Propodeal spiracles located about midway between anterior and posterior
angles of propodeum (Fig. A);
antennae inserted at
each side of clypeus, near mouth edge ...........................................................(Ceinae)
29b.
Propodeal spiracles closer to anterior end of propodeum; antennae
inserted far from edge of mouth...........30
30a.
Vertex with 6-12 large conspicuous bristles (Fig. A); scutellum with 4
long bristles, usually longitudinally
marked with parallel fine impressed
lines.....................................................................................(Diparinae)
30b.
Vertex without large conspicuous bristles; scutellum with 4 or more
bristles, usually not longitudinally
marked with parallel
fine impressed
lines...................................................................................................31
31a.
Head crescent-shaped; first tergite large, quadrate, extends over more
than 1/2 of gaster; anterior margin of
costal cell decidedly
curved, meeting base of marginal vein, thus appearing as incised (Fig. A);
scutellum
large, usually extends
posteriorly beyond gaster base (Fig. A)....................................................(Eunotinae)
31b.
Head not crescent-shaped; first tergite not large and quadrate,
extending over less than 1/2 of gaster; anterior
margin of costal cell
not very curved and without incision; scutellum normal, does not extend beyond
gaster
base...................................................................................................................................................32
32a.
Notauli of mesoscutum complete (Fig A), meeting transcutal
suture.............................................................33
32b.
Notauli of mesoscutum incomplete, not reaching transcutal suture (Fig.
A)..................................................44
33a.
Funicle of antenna with 7 segments.................................................................................................................34
33b.
Funicle of antenna with 5-6
segments.............................................................................................................36
34a.
Mid tarsus of female with 4 segments; fore and hind tarsi with 5
segments; face of male and female with
longitudinal impressed
line mesad of malar groove, extending from eye to mouth edge (Fig. A) ..............................................................................................................................................(Macromesinae)
34b.
Mid tarsus of both sexes with 5 segments; face without longitudinal
impressed line ...................................(11)
35a.
Head and thorax yellow and black, not metallic; head projects forward;
postmarginal vein longer than stigmal
vein.............................................................................................................................(Miscogastrinae) (part)
35b.
Head and thorax metallic; head not projecting forward; postmarginal vein
short or not developed
........................................................................................................................................(Eutrichosomatinae)
36a. Parastigma
of fore wing similar in thickness to submarginal vein (Fig. A); antennae
inserted below to well
below ventral eye margin
(Fig.
B)................................................................................................(Asaphinae)
36b. Parastigma of fore wing distinctly different
in thickness from submarginal vein (Fig. A); antennae usually
inserted at or above
ventral margin of
eye...................................................................................................37
37a.
Antennae with 13 segments, often with 2 ringlike segments and 6 funicle
segments (Fig. A), or 3 ringlike
segments and 5 funicle
segments.................................................................................................................39
37b.
Antennae with 10-12 segments, often with 2 ringlike segments and 5
funicle segments, without ringlike
segments and with 6
funicle segments, or with 3-4 ringlike segments and 3 funicle segments
..................38
38a.
Hind femora greatly swollen, with ventral serration or dentate; eyes
greatly divergent ventrally; antennae
inserted below ventral
eye
margin.......................................................................................(Chalcedectinae)
38b.
Hind femora normal, without ventral serration or dentate; eyes not
divergent ventrally; antennae inserted
above ventral eye
margin..........................................................................................(Miscogastrinae) (part)
39a.
Antennae inserted above middle of face; antennal sockets closer to
anterior ocellus than to clypeus; head
subglobose.............................................................................................................................(Panstenoninae)
39b.
Antennae inserted below middle of face; sockets halfway between frontal
ocellus and anterior clypeus
margin; head not
subglobose........................................................................................................................40
40a.
Marginal vein of fore wing more than 3.5-6X as long as stigmal vein
(Fig. A); gaster petiole definitely
sculptured..........................................................................................................................(Chrysolampinae)
40b.
Marginal vein of fore wing at most 3X as long as stigmal vein; petiole,
if present, with surface moderately
sculptured to
smooth.....................................................................................................................................41
41a.
Fore wing with postmarginal vein longer than marginal
vein.........................................................................42
41b.
Fore wing with postmarginal vein not longer than marginal vein...................................................................43
42a.
Prepectus narrow
laterally................................................................................................(Pteromalinae) (part)
42b.
Prepectus broad laterally (Fig.
A).................................................................................(Miscogastrinae) (part)
43a.
Gaster
petiolate..............................................................................................................(Miscogastrinae) (part)
43b.
Gaster sessile or
subsessile...............................................................................................(Pteromalinae) (part)
44a.
Head with crests on face and frons (Fig. A); inner orbits of eyes straight;
clypeus with conspicuous radiating
striae covering face and
genae...................................................................................................(Cratominae)
44b.
Head without crests on face and frons; inner orbits of eyes not
straight; clypeus without conspicuous
radiating
striae..............................................................................................................................................45
45a.
Antennae with 10-12 segments........................................................................................................................46
45b.
Antennae with 13
segments.............................................................................................................................47
46a.
Antennae inserted at or below level of ventral eye margin, with or
without ringlike segments; club with 2-3
segments, not acutely
pointed....................................................................................(Miscogastrinae) (part)
46b.
Antennae inserted above level of ventral eye margin, with 2-3 ringlike
segments; club solid or with indistinct
segments, acutely
pointed.............................................................................................(Pteromalinae) (part)
47a.
Hind tibia with 2 apical spurs; axillae produced forward beyond
scutellar base (Fig. A)
...............................
...............................................................................................................................................(Colotrechinae)
47b.
Hind tibia with single apical spur; axillae rarely produced forward
beyond scutellar base (Fig. A)...............24
48a.
Antennae with 1 ringlike segment; body, including eyes, wings, and
gaster, densely hairy; pronotum as long
as broad, narrower than
mesoscutum (Fig. A)
...........................................................................Cleonyminae
48b.
Antennae with 2-3 ringlike segments; body not densely hairy; pronotum
broader than long, narrower than or
as broad as mesoscutum
(Fig.
A)...............................................................................................Pteromalinae
REFERENCES:
Yoshimoto, C. M. 1984.
The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 12. The Families and Subfamilies of Canadian
Chalcidoid Wasps. Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea. Biosys. Res. Ins., Res. Br. Canada, Publ.
1760. 149 p.