FILE: <austra-3.key> [Navigate to
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Keys to the Hymenoptera of Australia
(derived
& modified from Boucek 1988; Brown & Taylor, 1970;
Michener,
1965, 1970; Naumann, 1991 & Riek, 1970 by E. F. Legner)
[This key is in a form commonly used in North
America. If the statement is true,
proceed to the designated couplet,
whereas
if it is false, go to "b" portion
of the couplet. Numbers in parentheses
refer to previous couplet read; figures
are
often generalized].
To view
key, CLICK here: <KEY>
The following
Australian superfamilies and families of Hymenoptera were recognized by Riek
(1970) (superfamily
arrangement updated to
conventional 1994):
|
SYMPHYTA (166) |
(Bethyloidea) |
(Trigonaloidea) |
|
|
Bethylidae (78) |
Trigonalidae (12) |
|
(Siricoidea) |
Cleptidae (17) |
|
|
Siricidae (1) |
Dryinidae (64 |
(Ichneumonoidea) |
|
Syntexidae (0) |
Embolemidae (3) |
Argiotypidae (0) |
|
Xiphydriidae (6) |
Sclerogibbidae (3) |
Braconidae (200) |
|
|
Sierolomorphidae (0) |
Ichneumonidae (190) |
|
(Megalodontoidea) |
|
|
|
Megalodontidae (0) |
(Ceraphronoidea) |
(Evanioidea) |
|
Pamphilidae (0) |
Ceraphronidae (84) |
Aulacidae (31) |
|
|
|
Evaniidae (26) |
|
(Orussoidea) |
(Formicoidea) |
Gasteruptiidae (159) |
|
Orussidae (9) |
Formicidae (1,100) |
|
|
|
|
(Proctotrupoidea) |
|
(Tenthredinoidea |
(Pompiloidea) |
Austroserphidae (3) |
|
Argidae (11) |
Pompilidae (121) |
Diapriidae (107) |
|
Blasticotomidae (0) |
Rhopalosomatidae (1) |
Heloridae (11) |
|
Cimbicidae (0) |
|
Loboscelidiidae (4) |
|
Diprionidae (0) |
(Scolioidea) |
Pelecinidae (1) |
|
Pergidae (136) |
Scoliidae (25) |
Platygastridae (50) |
|
Tenthredinidae (3) |
|
Proctotrupidae (22) |
|
|
(Tiphioidea) |
Scelionidae (333) |
|
(Xyeloidea) |
Mutillidae (197) |
|
|
Xyelidae (0) |
Plumariidae (0) |
(Cynipoidea) |
|
|
Sapygidae (0) |
Cynipidae (59) |
|
(Cephoidea) |
Tiphiidae (511) |
Figitidae (2) |
|
Cephidae (0) |
|
Ibaliidae (3) |
|
|
(Sphecoidea) |
Liopteridae (3) |
|
APOCRITA--ACULEATA (stinging
Hymenoptera) |
Sphecidae (421) |
|
|
|
(Ampulicinae) (21) |
(Chalcidoidea) |
|
(Apoidea) |
|
Agaonidae (21) |
|
Andrenidae (0) |
(Vespoidea) |
Chalcididae (231) |
|
Anthophoridae (193) |
Eumenidae (242) |
Encyrtidae (971) |
|
Apidae (14) |
Masaridae (25) |
Eulophidae (508) |
|
Colletidae (851) |
Vespidae (14) |
Eurytomidae (194) |
|
Fideliidae (0) |
|
Mymaridae (150) |
|
Halictidae (422) |
APOCRITA--PARASITICA (nonstinging
Hymenoptera) |
Pteromalidae (435) |
|
Megachilidae (175) |
(Megalyroidea) |
Torymidae (181) |
|
Melittidae (1) |
Megalyridae (29) |
Trichogrammatidae (100) |
|
|
Stephanidae (7) |
|
|
|
|
(Chrysidoidea) |
|
|
|
Chrysididae (4) |
[Please
refer to <Guide> for illustrations (Powerful connections use <Guide-2>)]
1a. Abdomen broadly sessile at base and
without marked constriction, though hinged, between segments 1 & 2;
thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles, neither visible dorsally; cenchri
present except in Cephidae (Fig. A); larvae
with segmented legs except in a few tunnelling and leaf-mining
species (Figs. B-E); antennae and
maxillary and labial palps with several distinct segments, or, if
with only 1 segment, then abdominal apex
with a median sclerotized process or legs represented by
sclerotized discs......................SYMPHYTA.....2
1b. Abdomen with tergum 1 incorporated in
thorax, and with marked constriction and hinge between segments 1
& 2 or with a large thoracic phragma extending into gaster;
mesosoma with 3 pairs of spiracles, the pair on
the propodeum conspicuous and usually distinctly visible dorsally;
cenchri absent (Fig. A); larvae always
without legs (Fig. B); antennae and maxillary and labial palps with
1 segment or absent; apex of abdomen
not
sclerotized.....................................................................................................................APOCRITA.....2
-----------------
Families of Symphyta:
2a (1a). Mesoscutellum completely separated from
scutum by a suture and the axillae defined (Fig. A);
subantennal grooves present for reception of basal segments of
antennae (Fig. B)..............(Siricoidea)....3
2b. Mesoscutellum not separated from scutum
laterally and axillae not defined anteriorly (Fig. A); no subantennal
grooves.......................................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea)....5
3a
(2a). Antennae inserted on ventral
side of head, below lower margins of eyes and below apparent clypeus; hind
wing without closed discoidal or cubital cell (Fig. A); eyes
normally finely hairy..(Orussoidea) Orussidae
3b. Antennae inserted well above clypeus and
on anterior aspect of head; hind wing usually with at least one
closed cubital or discoidal cell; eyes
bare.....................................................................................................4
4a
(3b). Neck long (cervical sclerites
viewed from side appear longer than broad); last abdominal segment without
horn-like projection; maxillary palp 4-segmented (Fig. A)
..................................(Siricoidea) Xiphydriidae
4b. Neck short (cervical sclerites viewed from
side appear broader than long); last abdominal segment with a
horn-like projection; maxillary palp 1-segmented (Fig. A)
.........................................(Siricoidea) Siricidae
5a
(2b). Radial cell of fore wing
crossed by a vein; fore tibia with 2 spurs, one developed into a calcar (=
larger
protuberance) (Fig.
A)..........................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Tenthredinidae
5b. Radial cell of fore wing not crossed by a
vein; fore tibia without spur developed into a calcar........................6
6a
(5b). Third antennal segment very
long, antennae with only 3 segments (3rd segment may be forked); fore tibia
with 2 spurs in Australian species (Fig. A)
......................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Argidae
6b. Third antennal segment not abnormally long,
antenna with more than 3 segments; fore tibia usually with 2 well
developed spurs, 1 only in Phylacteophaga and Pergula
(Fig. A)............(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae.....7
Subfamilies of (Tenthredinoidea)
Pergidae:
7a
(6b) Fore tibia with 1 apical
spur........................................................................................................................8
7b. Fore tibia with 2 apical
spurs.............................................................................................................................9
8a
(7a). Hind tibia with a preapical
spine, sometimes reduced but its insertion obvious (Figs. A-B)
...................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Phylacteophaginae)
8b. Hind tibia without a preapical
spine.............................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Pergulinae)
9a
(7b) Hind tibia with a preapical
spine...............................................................................................................10
9b. Hind tibia without a preapical
spine................................................................................................................13
10a
(9a). Scutellum without lobes or
paired projections
behind...........................................................................11
10b. Scutellum either bilobed, or with a
backward projection from each hind
angle...........................................12
11a
(10a). 'Propodeum' strongly
sclerotized all over....................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Pteryperginae)
11b. 'Propodeum' strongly emarginate behind,
only the front margin and sides sclerotized
......................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Styracotechyinae)
12a
(10b) Costa strongly swollen so that
it touches R at least apically; anal
vein of fore wing straight and close to
the anal fold throughout; antennae generally with less than 13
segments (Figs. A-C)
....................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Perginae)
12b. Costa not swollen and much narrower than
the intercostal area; anal vein of fore wing bent away from the
anal fold apically; antenna with 13 or more segments (and serrate)
(Figs. A-B)
........................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Philomastiginae)
13a
(9b). Cenchri small, the distance
between them nearly 2X as great as the transverse width of one; anal cell
absent in fore wing.
[Metanotum large, about the same width as scutellum] (Fig. A)
.....................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Pterygophorinae)
13b. Cenchri large, the distance between them
at most about as great as the breadth of one; anal cell of fore wing
petiolate though it may be open apically (Fig. A)
....................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Euryinae)
Superfamilies of Apocrita:
14a
(1b) Hind tibia with 1-2 spurs
(without spur in a few Ichneumonidae), but none modified for preening (slight
enlargement of one spur in some Scolioidea); sometimes a dense
brush of enlarged hairs developed on
basitarsus and apex of tibia; parasitic .......................................................................................................15
14b. When hind tibial spur or spurs present,
one (the medial when there are 2) is modified into a calcar through
development of a comb of hairs or teeth on its inner (tarsal)
margin; a corresponding strigil or brush is
developed on the slightly emarginate basitarsus (Fig. A); if both
spurs are of non-simple form or lacking
(in some Apoidea and Formicoidea), then at least some body hairs
are plumed and the hind basitarsus
widened, or first 1-2 segments of metasoma form a node; mostly not
parasitic.......................................23
15a
(14a). Subantennal groove present for
reception of basal segments of antennae (Fig. A). [A dense preening
brush on inner surface at apex of hind tibia and on ventromedial
surface of basitarsus (Fig. B), similar to
that in Sphecoidea; spiracle cover lobe of pronotum with a marginal
fringe of hairs, or, when spiracle is
enclosed, then margined with fine hairs]...................................................................(Megalyroidea).....28
15b. No subantennal
groove................................................................................................................................16
16a
(15b). Pronotum with at least a
lateral spiracle cover lobe reaching back to tegula, or, if wingless, lobe
margined with close fine
hairs....................................................................................................................17
11b. Pronotum not reaching back to tegula
(almost so in some Leucospidinae, in which tegula is lengthened, and
in some Mymaridae) (Fig.
A).....................................................................................................................22
17a
(16a). Spiracle cover lobe of
pronotum not margined with close fine
hairs...................................................18
17b. Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum margined
with close fine hairs (poorly developed and more openly spaced in
Aulacidae, but then fore wing venation well developed and hind wing
without closed cells)...................20
18a
(17a). Lateral pronotum not
vertically grooved for reception of fore femur, though with a groove close to
and
parallel with anterior margin.
[A grooved recess for the fore femur usually occurs on lower anterior
portion of mesopleuron-- not always defined, especially in
Ibaliidae, and absent in Oberthuerellinae;
antennae not elbowed] (Figs. A-I)...................................................................................(Cynipoidea).....62
18b. Lateral pronotum vertically grooved for
reception of fore
femur.................................................................19
19a
(18b). Costal cell absent, but distinct
marginal vein from base and a pterostigma; hind wing with at least one
closed cell (except in Aphidiinae) (Figs. A-D)
.....................................................(Ichneumonoidea).....29
19b. Costal cell present, or venation greatly
reduced; hind wing without closed cells (Figs. A-E) (see also
Bethyloidea)...........................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea).....48
20a
(17b). Pronotum with well-developed dorsal
surface in median area, reaching back above tegula as well as
below (pronotum reduced in nocturnal %% Mutillidae). [Hind wing
venation well developed] (Figs. A-
E).............................................................................................................(Scolioidea
& Tiphioidea).....99
20b. Pronotum without a dorsal surface in
median area, and not reaching back above tegulae...........................21
21a
(20b). Hind wing without closed cells
(see also Megalyroidea) (Figs. A-C)............. ........(Evanioidea).....47
21b. Hind wing with closed basal cells (Fig.
A)....................................................(Trigonaloidea) Trigonalidae
22a
(16b) Fore wing with closed basal
cells; pronotum separated from tegula by lateral lobe of scutum (Fig. A)
(see also Bethyloidea and Formicoidea)..........................
...........................(Chrysidoidea) Chrysididae
22b. Fore wing with much reduced venation,
without fully formed cells; pronotum separated from tegula by
prepectus (though sometimes in part by lateral lobe of scutum)
(Figs. A-T)..............(Chalcidoidea).....68
23a
(14b). Lateral pronotum and mesopleuron
(or prepectus) overlapping and with considerable free movement,
lower portion of pronotal lobe rounded. [Secondary fusion between pronotum and prepectus in some
Dryinidae, but then antennae with 10
segments]......................................................................................24
23b. Lateral pronotum and mesopleuron meet with
carinate margins and with very little free movement between
them, lower portion of pronotal lobe tapers, usually to a point
...............................................................25
24a
(23a). Spiracle cover lobe of
pronotum margined with close fine hairs; hind wing with at least one closed
basal cell (Figs. A-D) (see also
Scolioidea).................................................................(Pompiloidea).....95
24b. Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum not
margined with close fine hairs; hind wing without closed basal cells
(except in Sierolomorphidae).
[Prepectus defined] (Figs. A-F)..................................(Bethyloidea).....91
25a
(13b). A well-developed wingless
worker caste present; posteroventral corners of thorax each with a
metapleural gland (Figs. A-B); first 1-2 segments of metasoma
nodiform, sharply marked off from
remainder..............................................................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae.....122
25b. Workers, when present, with wings;
metapleural glands lacking; 1st segment of metasoma not often
constricted to a node, though sometimes petiolate...................................................................................26
26a
(25b). Posterior lateral lobes of
pronotum reach back to and end above tegula, and always angulate (Figs. A-
C)...................................................................................................................................(Vespoidea).....105
26b. Posterior lateral lobes of pronotum do not
reach back to and end below tegula, lobe rounded and limited to
spiracle cover............................................................................................................................................27
27a
(26b). At least a few branched hairs
on body; frequently social species.
[Hind basitarsus wider than following
segments] (Figs.
A-F).......................................................................................................(Apoidea).....115
27b. Hairs on body not branched; non-social
species (Figs. A-D...........................................(Sphecoidea).....107
Families of Megalyroidea:
28a
(15a). Abdomen subsessile; antennae
with 14 segments (Fig. A).................. .(Megalyroidea) Megalyridae
28b. Abdomen with a long petiole; antennae with
>14 segments (Fig. A)..............(Megalyroidea) Stephanidae
Families of Ichneumonoidea:
29a
(19a). Fore wing with 1 or without
recurrent vein (Figs. A-B); hind wing with median cell not extending to base of
marginal
vein. [Abdominal tergites 2 & 3 immovably
united except in Aphidiinae].......................
.(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae.....37
29b. Fore wing with 2 recurrent veins (Fig. A),
very rarely only 1; hind wing with median cell elongated beyond base
of marginal
vein......................
......................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae.....30
Subfamilies of (Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae:
30a
(29b). First tergite of abdomen
petiolate (narrowest before base) and bent downwards towards apex; spiracle
of 1st segment usually beyond mid point (very rarely in the
middle).....................................................31
30b. First segment of abdomen sessile, or, if
subpetiolate, either straight or regularly curved and flattened in
section; spiracle of 1st segment at or before mid
point...........................................................................34
31a
(30a). First segment of abdomen
narrowing at apex, round in section over basal 1/2 (and smooth); areolet of
fore wing petiolate, rhombus-shaped, or absent (Fig. A)
............................................................................
...................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Ophioninae)
31b. First segment of abdomen depressed,
widening or parallel-sided at apex; areolet of of fore wing usually 5-
sided or absent, never petiolate, rarely quadrilateral or
rhombus-shaped..............................................32
32a
(31b). Areolet rhombus-shaped; %% cerci elongated, thin; spiracle of petiolar segment about mid
point. [First
tergite with large glymma (= pit or depression); tarsal claws
pectinate]............................(Ichneumonoidea)
Ichneumonidae (Mesochorinae)
32b. Areolet not rhombus-shaped; %% cerci short and stout; spiracle of
petiolar segment beyond mid point........33